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Biology > B4 Circulatory system > Flashcards

B4 Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood

A

A tissue made up of platelets, WBCs & RBCs in plasma

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2
Q

What do platelets do

A

Responsible for triggering blood clotting at the sites of wounds

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3
Q

What are platelets made up of

A

Small cell fragments

They have no nucleus

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4
Q

What do RBCs do

A

Transport oxygen from lungs to all body cells

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5
Q

Function of haemoglobin in RBCs

A

Binds with oxygen in the lungs

Carries oxygen and releases it, delivering it to body cells for respiration

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6
Q

Function of RBC’s lack of nucleus

A

Frees up more space for haemoglobin

Maximises the amount of oxygen they can carry

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7
Q

Function of RBC’s biconcave shape

A

Creates a large surface area

Allows for rapid diffusion of oxygen

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8
Q

Function of RBC’s small size

A

Allows RBCs to pass through capillaries

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9
Q

What do WBCs do

A

Defends against infections

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10
Q

Function of WBC’s ability to change shape

A

Allows them to move through the blood vessels into body tissues

Allows them to engulf harmful microorganisms

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11
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

Capillaries

Veins

Arteries

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12
Q

Function of arteries

A

Transport blood from the hear to organs

Carry oxygenated blood (apart from pulmonary artery)

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13
Q

Function of elastic fibres in arteries

A

Allows them to stretch and recoil

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14
Q

Function of thick muscle wall in arteries

A

Strengthens them, enabling them to cope with the high pressure at which blood is pumped out by the heart

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15
Q

What are capillaries

A

Smaller vessels (one cell thick), branched off of arteries

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16
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Exchange food and oxygen into cells from the blood

Move waste products, e.g C02, into the blood from cells

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17
Q

Function of capillaries’ thin walls and proximity to body cells

A

Allows the efficient exchange of food, oxygen and waste products through diffusion

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18
Q

What are veins

A

Vessels formed from joined up capillaries that have passed through the body

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19
Q

What do veins do

A

Transport deoxygenated blood from organs back to the heart (apart from pulmonary vein)

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20
Q

Function of thin walls (in comparison to arteries) in veins

A

Veins carry blood at a lower pressure than veins

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21
Q

Function of wide cross-section (lumen) in veins

A

Low blood pressure hinders blood

Veins have a wider lumen through which blood can flow to counteract this

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22
Q

Function of valves in veins

A

Prevents back flow of blood

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23
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do

A

Transports de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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24
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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25
Q

What is the aorta

A

The artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

26
Q

What are atria

A

The upper chambers of the heart

27
Q

What are coronary arteries

A

The blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

28
Q

What is the double circulatory system

A

The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

29
Q

What does epidermal mean

A

Cells that make up the epidermis or outer later of an organism

30
Q

What is plasma

A

The clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body

31
Q

What is the pulmonary artery

A

The large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

32
Q

What is the pulmonary vein

A

The large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

33
Q

What is the ven cava

A

The large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

34
Q

What are ventricles

A

The lower chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

35
Q

What are white blood cells

A

Blood cells involved with the immune system

36
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Kill microorganisms

Surround and engulf microorganisms

Kill by enzymic digestion

37
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies

Produce antitoxins

38
Q

What do antibodies do

A

Bind to pathogens, killing them or binding them together

Pathogens clumped by antibodies are easy for phagocytes to engulf

39
Q

What do antitoxins do

A

Neutralise toxins produced by microorganisms

40
Q

What is the sino-atrial node do

A

In the top of the right atrium

Sends electrical pulses, carried through the atria, causing them to attract

The impulse travels to the atrioventricular node

41
Q

What is the atrioventricular node

A

In the bottom corner of the right atrium

Receives electrical pulses from the sino-atrial node

Redirects impulses through conducting fibres in the septum

When the impulse reaches the apex, it travels up the ventricle walls, causing them to contract from the bottom up

42
Q

What is diastole

A

The phase of a heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

Occurs in the delay between the impulse from the sino-atrial node reaching the atrioventricular node

43
Q

What is systole

A

The phase of a heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries

Occurs when impulses reach the apex of the septum and travel up the ventricle walls

44
Q

What is arrhythmia

A

Problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat

45
Q

What is tachycardia

A

Heart beating too fast

46
Q

What is bradycardia

A

heart beating too slow

47
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

Irregular or fast beat leading to palpitations

48
Q

What are palpitations

A

Rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeats due to agitation, exertion or illness

49
Q

What is a stent

A

A wire-mesh inserted into a vessel

Allows blood to move more freely through a previously blocked or narrowed coronary artery

50
Q

What does having a stent involve

A

Stents are carried out under local anaesthetic- this is safer than general anaesthetic, rarely involves complications and only requires a short hospital stay

In rare cases, stents can cause blood clots and lead to a heart attack

51
Q

What can be done if a stent is not appropriate for a patient

A

A heart bypass where the affected artery is replaced

This is expensive, invasive, high risk and requires general anaesthetic

52
Q

What are statins

A

Medicines that help to lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the blood by reducing its production in the liver

High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

53
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The hardening and narrowing of arteries

54
Q

What is cardiovascular disease

A

A disease of the heart or arteries

Mainly:
Coronary heart disease- restricted blood supply to the heart
Angina- Sharp chest pain
Heart attack- sudden block of blood supply to the heart
Stroke- Block of blood supply to the brain

55
Q

What are the risks of statin use

A

Can interact with other medicines, increasing the risk of side effects, such as muscle damage

May cause side effects

May negatively interact with grapefruit juice.

56
Q

What are the top chambers of the heart called

A

Atria

57
Q

What are the bottom chamber of the heart called

A

Ventricles

58
Q

What is the thorax

A

The top part of your body

Separated from the bottom half of the body by the diaphragm

59
Q

How does air travel through the lungs

A 
Enters through the mouth/nose
Through the trachea
Splits into the bronchi
Splits into bronchioles
Arrives as alveoli where gas exchange takes place
60
Q

What happens in the alveoli

A

The blood in capillaries running past the alveoli contains a lot of CO2

This allows CO2 to transfer out of the blood and O2 to transfer into the blood as the concentration gradient is high

61
Q

How does blood travel through the body

A

Blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
The atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles
The ventricles contract, forcing blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery, out of the heart
The blood then flow through arteries to the organs then though veins to the heart

Biology (6 decks)

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