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Biology > B5: Homeostasis And Response (triple) > Flashcards

B5: Homeostasis And Response (triple) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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2
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

It’s a body mechanism that allows the body to detect if something gets too high or too low and brings it back to normal.

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3
Q

Describe how the nervous system reacts to a stimulus.

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Central nervous system 
Motor neurone
Effector 
Response
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4
Q

What are synapses?

A

Connections between two neurones
Nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap
These chemical set off new electrical signals at the other end

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5
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex?

A

To prevent injury

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6
Q

Describe a reflex arc.

A 
Stimulus 
Sensory neurone 
Relay neurone 
Motor neurone 
Effector
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7
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Various glands that create and secrete hormones.

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8
Q

Describe the function of the pituitary gland.

A

Produces many hormones, regulating many body conditions

Known as the master gland because it’s hormones effect other glands.

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9
Q

Describe the function of the thyroid.

A

Produces thyroxine

This controls rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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10
Q

Describe the function of the ovaries.

A

Produce oestrogen

This is involved in the menstrual cycle

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11
Q

Describe the function of the testes.

A

Produce testosterone

This controls puberty and sperm production

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12
Q

Describe the function of the adrenal gland.

A

This produces adrenaline

This is used to prepare the body for a scary or stressful situation

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13
Q

Describe the function of the pancreas.

A

Produces insulin

This is used to regulate blood glucose levels

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14
Q

Describe the differences between nerves and hormones.

A

Nerves: fast action, act for a short time, act on a very precise area

Hormones: slower action, act for a long time, act in a more general way

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15
Q

When is insulin added to the blood stream?

A

When blood sugar level is too high.

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16
Q

When is glucagon added to the blood stream?

A

When blood sugar level is too low.

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17
Q

Describe the four stages of the menstrual cycle.

A
  1. The uterus lining breaks down in about 4 days.
  2. The uterus lining build s up again. From day 4-14 it is a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg.
  3. An egg developers and is released from the ovary at day 14. This is called ovulation.
  4. The wall is maintained for about 14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg lands then the lining breaks down and the process starts over.
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18
Q

What are the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle and what do they do?

A

Oestrogen: made in ovaries, causes uterus lining to grow, stimulates release of LH and inhibit release of FSH.
Progesterone: made in the ovaries in remains of the follicle after ovulation. Maintains the lining of the uterus. Inhibits release of LH and FSH
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone): made by the pituitary gland, causes egg to mature in structure called follicle. Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.
LH (luteinising hormone): made in the pituitary gland. Stimulates ovulation.

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19
Q

What are the 5 main ways of contraception for females?

A 
The pill (oestrogen and progesterone)
Contraceptive patch (oestrogen and progesterone)
Contraceptive implant (progesterone)
Contraceptive injection (progesterone)
Intrauterine device (T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation)
20
Q

What is the responsiblility of the cerebral cortex?

A

things like consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.

21
Q

What is the responsibility of the medulla?

A

unconscious activities like breathing and your heartbeat.

22
Q

What is the responsibility of the cerebellum?

A

muscle coordination.

23
Q

What is the sclera and it’s function?

A

the tough supporting wall of the eye that wraps around the majority of the surface area.

24
Q

What is the cornea and it’s function?

A

the transparent outer layer found over the front of the eye. it refracts light into the pupil.

25
Q

What is the iris and it’s function?

A

it contains muscles that control the diameter of the pupil.

26
Q

What is the lens and it’s function?

A

it focuses the light onto the retina.

27
Q

What is the retina and its function?

A

a group of receptor cells that are sensitive to light intensity and colour.

28
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle?

A

they control the shape of the lens.

29
Q

What is the optic nerve and its function?

A

it caries impulses from the receptor on the retina to the brain.

30
Q

Describe what happens to the eye in bright light.

A

circular muscles in the iris contract and the radial muscles relax. pupil gets smaller.

31
Q

Describe whats happens to the eye in dim light.

A

circular muscles in the iris relax and the radial muscles contract. pupil gets bigger.

32
Q

Describe whats happens to the eye when it is focusing on something close.

A

the ciliary muscle contracts and the senspensory muscle relaxes and becomes slackened. this makes the lens more curved so light can refract more.

33
Q

Describe whats happens to the eye when it is focusing on something far away.

A

the ciliary muscle relaxes and the senspensory muscle tightens. this makes the lens flatter so light refracts less.

34
Q

What type of lens is needed to correct someone who is long sighted (hyperopia)

A

convex (curves outwards)

35
Q

What type of lens is needed to correct someone who is short sighted? (myopia)

A

concave (curves inwards)

36
Q

What is the name of the process in the kidneys where substances are removed form the blood?

A

filtration

37
Q

What is the name of the process in the kidneys where specific substances are put back into the blood?

A

selective re-absorption.

38
Q

where does urea come form in the body?

A

when proteins are turned into fats and carbohydrates in the liver, ammonia is made as a byproduct. htis is converted into urea by the liver and removed from the blood stream by the kidneys.

39
Q

what happens to the ions in that blood stream at the kidneys?

A

they are removed and the amount (compared to water levels) is balanced and re-absorbed into the blood. the rest is removed form the body as urine.

40
Q

What hormone controls the concentration of urine?

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

41
Q

What hormone controls growth in plants?

A

Auxin

42
Q

What are names of the processes in which a plant grows in reaction to light and gravity?

A

phototropism

gravitropism/geotropism

43
Q

How does similar auxin distribution in plant roots and shoots cause one to grow up and the other down from a horizontal position?

A

in shoots, gravity causes auxin to accumulate beneath the tips promoting growth against gravity.
in roots, the extra auxin at the bottom of the roots due to gravity inhibits growth, causing the roots to grow in the direction of gravity.

44
Q

Give commercial uses of auxins.

A

selective weed killers that disrupt the growth of weeds.
growing from cuttings with rooting powder (these cant produce auxin without tips).
growing cells in tissue culture.

45
Q

Give commercial uses of gibberellin.

A

to alter seed dormancy, changing when they germinate.
to induce flowering.
to grow larger fruits.

46
Q

Give commercial uses of ethene in agriculture.

A

controls cell division and stimulates enzymes.
speed up ripening (on or off plant)
delay ripening (chemicals that block ethene’s effects).

Biology (7 decks)

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