B1: Cell biology (triple) Flashcards
What are Prokaryotes?
Single called organism made up of one prokaryotic cell.
What is an Eukaryote?
Organisms that are made up of multiple eukaryotic cells.
List the organelles in an animal cell.
Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes
What is the function of CYTOPLASM?
To contain enzymes and so that chemical reactions can happen.
What is the the function of MITOCHONDRIA?
Where the reactions for aerobic respiration take place to transform energy into a useful store for the cell.
What is the function of RIBOSOMES?
To make proteins.
List the organelles in a plant cell.
All of animal cell organelles
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
What is the function of the PERMANENT VACUOLE?
Contains cell sap which is a weak solution of of sugars and salts.
What is the function of CHLOROPLASTS?
Where photosynthesis occurs.
List the organelles in a bacterial cell.
Cell membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Single strand of DNA Plasmids
What is the equation for magnification?
Magnification = image size / real size
How are sperm cells specialised?
Long tail
Streamlined head
Lots of mitochondria
Enzymes in the head
What are the specialisations of a nerve cell?
Long
Branched connections
What are the specialisations of a muscle cell?
Long
Lots of mitochondria
What are the specialisations of root hair cells?
Long hairs
What are the specialisations of phloem and xylem cells?
Long
Hollow or have due organelles
Describe mitosis in 5 steps.
- Numbers of sub-cellular structures increase
- DNA duplicates and form X-shaped chromosomes, each arm of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the the other
- Cell fibres pull chromosome arms apart. These arms go to opposite ends of the cell
- Membranes from around the sets of chromosomes becoming nuclei
- Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
What are stem cells?
An undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into different types of cell.
Define diffusion.
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Define osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
Define active transport.
The movement of a substance up a concentration gradient using energy.
Describe Binary fission in 4 steps.
- circular strands of DNA and plasmids replicate.
- the cell gets bigger and the DNA strands move to opposite sides of the cell.
- the cytoplasm begins to dived and a new cell wall starts to form.
- the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced.
