B5 - Communicable diseases Flashcards
Communicable diseases
They are infectious diseases.
agar gel
widely used solid (gel) culture medium used for growing microorganisms
aphids
insects that penetrate the plant phloem and feed on the dissolved food. They act as plant pathogens and are also vectors that carry pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi into healthy plant tissue
binary fission
reproduction by simple cell division, for example in bacteria
chlorosis
the yellowing seen on the leaves of plants when they cannot make chlorophyll due to a lack of magnesium ions
communicable (infectious) disease
disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another
culture medium
a liquid or gel used to support the growth of microorganisms or other cultures, often containing specific nutrients
inoculate
introducing microorganisms to a culture medium, or introducing modified microorganisms into an individual to protect them against disease
microorganisms
organisms that are usually single-celled and can only be seen using a microscope . They include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protists
mutation
a change in the genetic material of an organism
non-communicable diseases
are not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another
pathogens
microorganisms that cause disease
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person by unprotected sexual contact
vaccine
dead or inactive pathogenic material used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person
virus
pathogens that are much smaller than bacteria and can only reproduce inside living cells of other organisms
Memory cells
Memory cells circulate in our blood, they have memory of pathogen(s) and if the pathogen has the same antigen then the immune system will tackle the pathogen with ease. (B cells produce these.)
Vaccination
A vaccination is an inactivated infection, dead form of the pathogen, is injected into the victim which triggers the active immune response system which defends the victim from pathogens and foreign antigens.
Herd immunity
Herd immunity is when a lot of people with vaccinations or with more immunity causing the virus (pathogen) to not spread to many people (others) who have not got immunity (vaccine).
Why of herd immunity good?
Herd immunity is good as it saves many people and can strengthen people’s immune system.
What physical defence responses are used to resist microorganisms?
Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle on leafs
Layers of dead cells around Stena (bark on trees) which fall off
What are Foxgloves used for?
If they are consumed, the predator will become poisoned.
What are Thorns used for?
They are used to prevent and insects from climbing the stem and will pierce the insect when it comes into with it.
What are Waxy surfaces used for?
It is used to prevent pathogens from entering the leaves via the stomata.
Why do leaves fall off during autumn?
When leaves fall off, it clears leaves that has the potential to harm the plant.
Why are organic fertilisers used?
They have high nutrients so they are used to increase the plant’s intake so they will not have any deficiency problems.
What are the chemical plant defence response?
Antibacterial chemicals.
Poisons to deter herbivores.
What are the mechanical adaptations of a plant?
Thorns and hairs to deter animals.
Leaves with droop or curl when touched.
Mimicry to trick animals.
Signs of plant diseases or deficiency.
Stunned growth Spots of leaves Areas of decay (rot) Growths Malformed stems or leaves Discolouration The presence of pests~
Plants can be damaged by a range of deficiency conditions these are…
Nitrate deficiency (stunned growth) Magnesium deficiency (chlorosis)
