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Biology GCSE > B5. Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

B5. Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term communicable disease

A

A communicable disease is an illness caused by pathogens that can be spread between individuals within a population

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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease

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3
Q

Name the different types of pathogen

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists

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4
Q

How do bacteria cause damage to the body?

A

Bacteria cause damage to the body by reproducing rapidly and producing toxins which damage tissues

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5
Q

What are the main ways that pathogens are transmitted

A

Direct contact
Contaminated water
Droplets carried in the air
Contaminated food

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6
Q

Where do viruses live and reproduce?

A

Viruses live and reproduce inside living cells of a host organism

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7
Q

What is measles?

A

Measles is a viral infectious disease with symptoms including a fever and a rash. It spreads easily and can be fatal if complications arise

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8
Q

How is measles transmitted between people?

A

The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets that contain the virus

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9
Q

How does HIV cause harm?

A

HIV can damage the immune system, eventually leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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10
Q

What are the initial symptoms of HIV infection?

A

The initial symptoms of HIV infections are flu-like symptoms

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11
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

HIV is spread by exchange of body fluids. It can also pass across the placenta during pregnancy

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12
Q

Why do plants infected with TMV have reduced growth

A

The ‘mosaic’ pattern caused by the virus discolours the leaves; this affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen that causes food poisoning
symptoms include:
fever
Abdominal cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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14
Q

What is the main way that Salmonella infection can spread?

A

Through ingestion of contaminated fold

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15
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial pathogen. Symptoms include discharge from the sex organs and pain on urinating

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16
Q

How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

A

Gonorrhoea is transmitted through sexual contact

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17
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

Treating infected individuals with antibiotics
The use of barrier contraception e.g. Condoms

18
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

Rose Black spot is a fungal disease of plants where purple or black spots develop which often turn yellow and drop warly

19
Q

How does rose black spot affect plants?

A

Rose black spot affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced

20
Q

How does rose black spot spread?

A

By water or wind

21
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

Rose Black spot can be treated using fungicides and/or removing and destroyed the affected leaves

22
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protists

23
Q

How do malarial protists infect humans?

A

Malarial protists infect humans when infected mosquitoes bite. The protists pass from the mosquito saliva into the human blood

23
Q

Define the term vector in the context of infectious disease.

A

A vector is an organisms that transfers pathogens from one host to the next

24
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal

25
Q

How is the spread of malaria controlled?

A

Controlling the mosquito vectors by preventing the mosquitoes from breeding or using misquote nets to avoid being bitten

26
Q

What is the role of the trachea and bronchi in non-specific immune defence?

A

The role of the trachea and bronchi are to trap pathogens, dirt and dust using ciliated epithelial cells and mucus

27
Q

What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?

A

Antibodies attach to antigens on pathogens binding the pathogens together. This can prevent them from infecting cells, and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them

28
Q

What is the role of antitoxins produced by white blood cells?

A

Antitoxins neutralise toxins released by pathogens, preventing them from causing harm to the body

28
Q

What is the difference between antigen, antibody and antitoxin?

A

An antigen is a protein molecule found on the surface of a cell
An antibody is a protein produced by lymphocytes that binds to specific antigens on pathogens
An antitoxin is a protein that neutralises toxins released by pathogen

29
Q

Give three symptoms that may indicate disease in plants

A

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay (rot)
Growths
Malformed stems or leaves
Discolouration
The presence of pests

30
Q

Give one example of a viral disease in plants

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

31
Q

What type of pathogen causes black spot disease in plants

A

Black spot disease is caused by a fungal pathogen

32
Q

How can aphids can acts as a vector for plant disease?

A

Aphids acts as a plant disease vector when they transfer pathogens between plants as they feed

33
Q

Why does a magnesium deficiency result in stunted growth of plants?

A

Magnesium is required for chlorophyll production and chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis
If there is a lack of magnesium then there will be a lack of chlorophyll and this will mean photosynthesis will not be happen as quickly resulting in stunted growth

34
Q

Define the term chlorosis

A

The yellowing of leaves that occur when chlorophyll is lacking as a result of low magnesium levels

35
Q

Which mineral ion is required in the production of amino acids and proteins?

A

Nitrates are required by plants to build amino acids and therefore proteins

36
Q

Give examples of physical defences against disease in plants

A

Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
Deas cells that form a layer around the outside of stems

37
Q

What is an example of a chemical defence response in plants?

A

Antibacterial chemical
Poisons to deter herbivores

38
Q

How does mimicry function as a mechanical defence in plants

A

Plants use mimicry to put off animals that may otherwise eat them, e.g. plants may droop to mimic diseased plants or resemble large insects to scare away threats

39
Q

How might a plant protect itself from herbivores?

A

Physical defences e.g. Cellulose cell wall
Chemical defences e.g. antibacterial chemicals
Mechanical defences e.g. thorns and hairs

Biology GCSE (14 decks)

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