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Biology GCSE > B3. Organisation and the Digestive System > Flashcards

B3. Organisation and the Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic structural units of all living organisms

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2
Q

Define unicellular.

A

Unicellular is an organism made from one cell

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3
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular organisms have bodies that are made up of more than one cell

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4
Q

When grouped together, what do specialised cells form in complex organisms?

A

Specialised cells form tissues which form organs in organ systems

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5
Q

At which level or organisation is muscle in animals?

A

Muscle is a tissue. It is a group of muscle cells Woking together to bring about movement

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6
Q

Define the term tissue

A

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function

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7
Q

List the levels of organisation in complex multicellular organisms

A

Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organs systems

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8
Q

Define the term organ

A

An organ is a collection of tissue working together to perform one function

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9
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

To mechanically digest food through the churning of food
To produce the enzyme protease
To produce hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

Name the organ system the stomach is part of

A

The stomach is part of the digestive system

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11
Q

What is the role of mucus-producing cells in the stomach?

A

The role of mucus-producing cells in the stomach to protect the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid

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12
Q

Name two organs of the digestive system other than the stomach

A

ANY TWO FROM:
Mouth/tongue/salivary glands
Oesophagus
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

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13
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

The function of the digestive system is to break down large, insoluble, food molecules into small soluble molecules that can ne absorbed

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14
Q

Name the organs of the digestive system through which food passes through during digestion

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine (duodenum and ileum)
Large intestine
Rectum

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15
Q

What is the role of saliva in digestion?

A

Saliva contains amylase enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of starch into sugars. Saliva also moistens food to aid in swallowing

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16
Q

What is the role of the oesophagus in digestion?

A

The oesophagus is the tube between the mouth and the stomach that food passes through

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17
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in digestion?

A

The role of the large intestine is to allow absorption of water from solid waste before it is egested; the remaining solid waste makes up the faeces

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18
Q

Name three organs of the digestive system that release enzymes

A

Salivary Glands
Stomach
Small Intestine
Pancreas

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19
Q

Which organ is bile released from?

A

Bile is released from the liver

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20
Q

Define the term enzyme

A

An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction

21
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up or changed in the reaction

22
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

The enzyme-substate complex is formed when a substrate attaches to the active site of an enzy,e

23
Q

What is the meaning of the term active site

A

The region on an enzyme where a specific substrate attaches for the reaction to be catalysed

24
Q

What happens after a reaction has occurred in the active site of an enzyme

A

After the reaction has occurred, the products leave the enzyme’s active site as they no longer fit in, and the enzyme is free to take up another substrate

25
Q

Define the term denatured

A

When an enzyme is denatured this is the process of an enzyme losing its specific shape and becoming inactive due to high temperatures or unsuitable pH

26
Q

How does increasing temperature towards the optimum temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

Increasing the temperature towards the optimum increase enzyme activity as the molecules have more kinetic energy, leading to more collisions with substrate molecules and a faster rate of reaction

27
Q

Define the term optimum temperature

A

The optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme works fastest

28
Q

Define the terms ‘lock’ and ‘key’ in the context of the lock and key model of enzyme action

A

The lock is the active site of the enzyme, which is a specific shape to fit the correct substrate which id the key

29
Q

In a practical investigating the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, why does the iodine solution stop turning blue-black at certain pH levels

A

In a practical investigating the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, the iodine solution stops turning blue-black at certain pH levels because the starch is fully broken down by the amylase. This means that there is no longer starch in the solution to turn the iodine blue-black

30
Q

In a practical investigating the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, what impact does the optimum pH have on the rate of amylase activity?

A

In a practical investigating the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, at the optimum pH the iodine solution will stop turning blue-black and remain orange-brown within the shortest amount of time. This is because the amylase is working at its fastest rate to break down the starch

31
Q

In a practical investigation the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, what impact does a very low pH, such as pH2, have on the rate of amylase activity?

A

In a practical investigating the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, at very low pH values the iodine solution will continue turning blue-black throughout the investigation. This is because the enzymes are denatured so the rate of amylase activity has slowed down/stopped

32
Q

In a practical that investigates the effect of temperature on rate of reaction in enzymes, why must the starch and amylase solutions be placed in a water bath at optimum temperature before being used?

A

In a practical that investigates the effect of temperature on rate of reaction in enzymes, the reactants and enzymes must be placed in a water bath at optimum temperature before being used so that they are brought up to the correct temperature before the investigation

33
Q

In a practical investigation the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, what is the variable being changed?

A

In a practical investigation the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, the variable being changed is the pH of the amylase and starch reaction mixture

34
Q

In a practical investigation the effect of pH on rate of the reaction in amylase what is being measured?

A

In a practical investigating the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, the variable being measured (dependent variable) is the time taken for the iodine to stop turning black

35
Q

In a practical investigation the effect of pH on rate of reaction in amylase, which variables should be kept the same?

A

In a practical that investigates the effect of pH on rate of reaction the variables that should be kept constant include:

The concentration and volume of starch solution
The concentration and volume of enzyme solution
The temperature

36
Q

What are three main type of digestive enzymes?

A

Carbohydrase
Protease
Lipase

37
Q

What is the role of carbohydrase enzymes?

A

Carbohydrase enzymes break down carbohydrates into simple sugars, amylase is an example of a carbohydrase enzyme which digests starch

38
Q

Where is the enzyme amylase produced in the digestive system?

A

The enzyme amylase is produced in the:
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

39
Q

Name the type of enzyme responsible for lipid digestion

A

Lipase enzymes carry out lipid digestion

40
Q

What are the products of lipid digestion?

A

Lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by lipase enzymes

41
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

A

The pancreas produces lipase, amylase, protease

42
Q

Name the type of enzyme that digests protein

A

The type of enzyme that digests protein is protease

43
Q

What are the products of protein digestion?

A

The products of protein digestion are amino acids

44
Q

Which organs of the digestive system produce the enzyme lipase?

A

The organ that produces the enzyme lipase is the pancreas

45
Q

What is the test for glucose?

A

The test for glucose involves adding Benedict’s solution to a sample and heading it in a boiling water bath. A positive result is a colour change from Blue to brick red.

46
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

The test for starch involves adding iodine solution to a food sample. A positive result is a colour change from orange-brown to blue-black

47
Q

What is the protein food test?

A

The protein food test involves adding Biuret solution to a food sample. A positive result is a colour change from Blue to violet/purple

48
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

The test for lipids involves mixing a sample with ethanol and then adding the ethanol solution to cold water. A positive result is a cloudy white emulsion forminf

49
Q

Which of the food tests must be heated to observe the results?

A

The Benedict’s test for glucose (a reducing sugar) must be heated to observe the results

Biology GCSE (14 decks)

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