Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > B5: Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

B5: Communicable Diseases Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What factors affect health?

A

Diet, stress and life situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can risk factors be?

A

Aspects of a person’s life or substances in the person’s body or environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of causal mechansims?

A

The effect of alcohol on brain and liver damage, the effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease and the effect of smoking on lung cancer and lung disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane and do not invade other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Cancers, which invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can microorganisms spread?

A

Direct contact, water or air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does bacteria make us ill?

A

They release toxins that damage tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do viruses make us ill?

A

They live and reproduce inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of a viral disease?

A

Measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are symptoms of measles? How is it spread?

A

Fever and a red rash. It is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are symptoms of HIV? How is it spread?

A

Flu-like symptoms. It is spread from sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids from needles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are examples of bacterial diseases?

A

Salmonella and gonorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Unprepared food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow or green discharge and pain when urinating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

Treatment with antibiotics or use of a condom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of fungal diseases?

A

Rose black spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Water or wind

20
Q

How can the spread of rose black spot be prevented?

A

Using fungicides and/or removing and destroying affected leaves

21
Q

How is the spread of malaria prevented?

A

Preventing vectors (mosquitos) from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten

22
Q

What does a vaccination involve?

A

Introducing small quantities of the dead or inactive version of the pathogen to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies

23
Q

What are antibiotics and give an example?

A

Medicines that cure bacterial diseases only. Penicillin is a good example.

24
Q

Give examples of where drugs were extracted from plant organisms

A

The heart drug, digitalis originates form foxgloves and aspirin comes from willow

25
Q

What is being tested on in preclinical trials?

A

Cells, tissues and live animals

26
Q

What is being tested on in clinical trials?

A

Healthy volunteers and patients

27
Q

What are the 3 steps in the process of clinical trials?

A

Low doses are given, if it is safe, further trials are carried out with the optimum dose and in double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo

27
Q

What are the 3 steps in the process of clinical trials?

A

Low doses are given, if it is safe, further trials are carried out with the optimum dose and in double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo

28
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Stimulating mouse lymphocytes, Lymphocytes are combined with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma, which can divide and make the antibody. Hybridoma cells are cloned to produce identical ones and a large amount are purified.

29
Q

What are some ways monoclonal antibodies can be used?

A

In labs to measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood, to treat diseases like cancer, where the monoclonal antibody binds to a radioactive substance which stops division. They can also locate specific molecules in a cell by binding them to fluorescent dye

30
Q

What are 4 ways plant diseases can be detected by?

A

Stunted growth, spots on leaves, the presence of pests and rotting

31
Q

What are ways a plant disease can be identified?

A

Using testing kits that contain monoclonals, taking infected plant to the lab and reference to a gardening manual

32
Q

What deficiency causes stunted growth? What deficiency causes chlorosis?

A

Nitrate. Magnesium

33
Q

What are physical defence responses in plants?

A

Cellulose cell wall, tough waxy cuticle and layers of dead cells around stems and barks which fall off

34
Q

What are chemical defence responses in plants?

A

Antibacterial chemicals and poisons to deter herbivores

35
Q

What are mechanical adaptations in plants that prevent diseases?

A

Thorns and hairs to deter animals, leaves that curl when touched and mimicry to trick animals

36
Q

What are 3 ways that pathogens can be spread?

A

Air, water and direct contact

37
Q

Are viruses living organisms?

A

No

38
Q

What is the function of antiretroviral drugs?

A

Stop the virus from replicating

39
Q

What kind of organisms are fungi?

A

Eukaryotic

40
Q

What are parasites?

A

Microorganisms that live inside another organism

41
Q

How does the skin prevent entry of microorganisms?

A

Physical barrier, produces oils and antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens

42
Q

How does the nose prevent entry of microorganisms?

A

Have hairs and lots of mucus, trapping pathogens

43
Q

How does the trachea prevent entry of microorganisms?

A

Covered in mucus, trapping pathogens and lined with cilia which moves and traps pathogens

44
Q

What are advantages of vaccines?

A

Prevents epidemics, protects you from disease and controls common diseases like smallpox

45
Q

What are disadvantages of vaccines?

A

Don’t always work, bad reactions like swelling

Biology Paper 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions