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Biology Paper 1 > B4: Organisation in Plants & Animals > Flashcards

B4: Organisation in Plants & Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

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2
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue

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4
Q

Why is coronary heart disease fatal?

A

The narrowing of the coronary arteries reduce the flow of blood resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscles

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5
Q

How can faulty valves be replaced?

A

Using biological or mechanical valves

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6
Q

Where is the meristem found?

A

At the growing tips of roots and shoots of plants

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7
Q

What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity

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8
Q

What 3 parts of a plant form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant?

A

Roots, stem and leaves

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9
Q

What is the role of stomata and guard cells?

A

Control gas exchange and water loss

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10
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A

To transport oxygen and nutrients to the body

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11
Q

What 2 blood vessels does blood enter into the heart?

A

Vena cava and the pulmonary vein

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12
Q

What type of blood enters the heart via the pulmonary vein?

A

Oxygenated, as it has just come from the lungs

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13
Q

Which ventricle has thicker walls? Why?

A

The left ventricle because it pumps blood all the way around the body

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14
Q

Describe the movement of blood between the ventricles and the atria

A

Walls of the atria contract, pushing blood into the relaxed ventricles. Walls of the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart. Simultaneously, more blood will enter the now relaxed atria. The cycle repeats

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15
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found?

A

In the right atrium

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16
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

They exchange nutrients and oxygen with tissues

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17
Q

How are arteries adapted to their function?

A

Thick muscle walls to withstand high pressure and elastic fibres to stretch and recoil

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18
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

1 cell thick and permeable, so that substances can easily diffuse through them

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19
Q

Which blood vessel has the largest lumen?

A

Veins

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20
Q

What nutrients are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissues?

A

Glucose and amino acids

21
Q

In which order does blood flow through the three types of blood vessels?

A

Artery, capillary, vein

22
Q

How much of our blood are red blood cells?

A

45%

23
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

They have a biconcave disk, to increase the surface area for absorbing oxygen. They also have no nucleus, which creates more space for haemoglobin and oxygen

24
Q

What are 3 ways white blood cells defend against infection?

A

Phagocytosis, releasing antitoxins and producing antibodies

25
Q

What are 2 functions of platelets?

A

Stop blood from leaving the blood vessel and prevents microorganisms from enter

26
Q

What is the disadvantage of artificial blood?

A

It does not contain red blood cells

27
Q

What are advantages of stents?

A

The surgery is quick and they are effective for a long time

28
Q

What are disadvantages of stents?

A

Require surgery, meaning it can lead to risks. Blood clotting is also a high risk

29
Q

What are advantages of statins?

A

Reduce levels of LDL

30
Q

What are disadvantages of statins?

A

Have to be taken regularly and can cause side effects

31
Q

What are disadvantages of biological and mechanical valves?

A

Requires surgery and ongoing risk of clotting

32
Q

What are disadvantages of artificial/biological hearts?

A

Temporary fix, takes long to find a donor and could still be rejected

33
Q

What are advantages of artificial hearts?

A

Immune system does not reject it

34
Q

What are 2 problems that may be caused by faulty valves?

A

Not enough blood can pass through the valve and the backflow of blood

35
Q

How is the alveolus adapted for its function?

A

1 thick layer of cells, creating a short diffusion path, increasing gas exchange. They have a large surface area and the alveoli walls are moist, so it allows the gases to dissolve

36
Q

What is the name of the process by which oxygen moves through the wall of the alveoli into the blood?

A

Diffusion

37
Q

How do you calculate breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths/time (mins)

38
Q

Where is the stomata found?

A

The lower epidermis

39
Q

Where in the leaf is where most of the photosynthesis happens? Why?

A

The palisade mesophyll. This is because it is packed full of chloroplasts

40
Q

What is special about cells in the upper epidermis? Why?

A

They are transparent for sunlight to pass through

41
Q

What reduces water loss in the leaf?

A

The waxy cuticle, which is a thin waterproof layer of lipids that the water can’t get through

42
Q

Why are the stomata at the bottom of the leaf?

A

It is shadier, therefore cooler, so less water will evaporate

43
Q

When are the stomata closed?

A

At night

44
Q

What can the sugar from photosynthesis be used for?

A

Directly for energy or stored for later

45
Q

How does increased light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

This would mean brighter light, so more photosynthesis and also more evaporation of water as stomata will need to be open for carbon dioxide needed for it

46
Q

How does increased temperature

A

Particles will have more energy, so more likely to evaporate

47
Q

How does increased air flow affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Water will be blown off the leaf, leaving the concentration gradient high

48
Q

How does increased humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Decreases as water in the air is high, so less water will diffuse out of the leaf due to the decreased concentration gradient

Biology Paper 1 (9 decks)

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