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GCSE AQA biology combined > B5 communicable diseases > Flashcards

B5 communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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2
Q

how can pathogens be spread

A

direct contact
water
air

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3
Q

what 4 things are considered pathogens

A

fungi
protist
virus
bacteria

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4
Q

how do viruses cause harm

A

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage

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5
Q

how do bacteria cause harm

A

Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of measles

A

fever
red skin rash

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7
Q

what type of disease is measles

A

viral

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8
Q

how is measles spread

A

inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

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9
Q

is measles fatal

A

measles is not fatal but can be if fatal if complications arise

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10
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sexual contact
exchange of body fluids

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11
Q

what symptoms does HIV have

A

flu like symtoms

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12
Q

how to treat HIV

A

antiretroviral drugs

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13
Q

what happens when HIV is left untreated

A

the virus attacks the body’s immune cells.
Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers

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14
Q

how are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus

A

distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves which
affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

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15
Q

how is salmonella spread

A

bacteria ingested in food
food prepared in unhygienic conditions

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever,
abdominal cramps
vomiting and diarrhoea
are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete.

17
Q

how do we prevent salmonella

A

vaccinate poultry

18
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis
pain on urinating

19
Q

how to prevent gonorrhoea

A

barrier method e.g condom

20
Q

how do we treat gonorrhoea

A

is used to be treated with penicillin but now many resistant strains have appeared

21
Q

what are the symptoms of rose black spot

A

purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early

22
Q

how does rose black spot affect the plant

A

It affects
the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced

23
Q

how is rose black spot spread

A

spores are carried from plant to plant by water or wind

24
Q

how can rose black spot be treated

A

using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected
leaves

25
Q

what are protists

A

single-celled organisms

26
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria

A

severe fever which reoccurs and can be fatal

27
Q

how is malaria spread

A

passed on from person to person as they are bitten by the mosquito

28
Q

how to prevent malaria from spreading

A

preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding
mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.

29
Q

how does the skin protect the body

A

acts as a barrier and if this barrier is broken by a cut the your body will restore it as platelets will clot the blood and a scab forms a seal over this
skin produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria

30
Q

how does the nose protect the body

A

hairs and mucus trap particles which may contain pathogens

31
Q

how do the trachea and bronchi protect the body

A

mucus traps particles and bacteria
cilia sweep the mucus along

32
Q

how does the stomach protect the body

A

glands in the stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid which kills the bacteria in food

33
Q

how do white blood cells defend the body

A

Phagocytes engulf the pathogens
produce antitoxins
release them as harmless cells bind the pathogens together
lymphocytes produce antibodies
antibodies destroy the pathogen

GCSE AQA biology combined (15 decks)

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