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Biology > B5 (2) > Flashcards

B5 (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 main hormones of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. FSH
  2. Oestrogen
  3. LH
  4. Progesterone
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2
Q

what is FSH? where is it released from?

A

a hormone that matures the egg before leaving the ovary
- released by pituitary gland

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3
Q

what is Oestrogen? where is it secreted from?

A

a hormone that thickens the uterus lining in preparation for an embryo to implant itself
- secreted by ovaries

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4
Q

what is LH? Where is it secreted from?

A

when LH levels increase, it stimulates the ovaries to release one egg ( this is known as ovulation)
- secreted by pituitary glads

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5
Q

what is Progesterone? where is it secreted from? where is it secreted from>

A

a hormone that maintains the uterus lining until it is evident that the egg has not been fertilised
- when this happens progesterone levels drop and the uterus lining breaks down, which starts the menstrual cycle

  • secreted by the ovaries
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6
Q

what happens on days 1-7 of the menstrual cycle?

A

menustration (bleeding) occurs
- high concentrations of FSH cause the egg to mature and FSH stimulate oestrogen release

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7
Q

what happens on days 8-13 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining thickens
- this is controlled by oestrogen –> released by the ovaries because the ovaries have been stimulated by the FSH from days 1-7.
Oestrogen concentrations increase and inhibit FSH. Oestrogen stimulates the uterus lining to thicken and for LH to be released

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8
Q

what happens on days 15 -28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining is maintained by progesterone and oestrogen increases

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9
Q

what happens from day 22 of the menstrual cycle?

A

if an egg is not fertilised then oestrogen and progesterone levels decrease
- if the egg IS fertilised then the hormone levels remain high so the uterus lining does not break down

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10
Q

what is ovulation?

A

when an ovary releases an egg

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11
Q

what does inhibit mean?

A

stops

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12
Q

what is fertility?

A

the ability for an individual/couple to conceive

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13
Q

what is infertility?

A

inability to conceive

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14
Q

what are 4 causes of infertility in males?

A
  1. Poor quality semen
  2. Scarring from surgery on reproductive organs
  3. Low levels of testosterone
  4. side effects of other medical treatments
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15
Q

How does poor quality semen cause infertility in males?

A
  • there would be low numbers of sperm within the semen
  • low mobility of sperm within semen
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16
Q

how does scarring on reproductive organs cause infertility in males?

A

could cause a blockage in the sperm duct or in the testes

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17
Q

how does low levels of testosterone cause infertility in males?

A

testosterone is involved in sperm production within the testes
- and is a reproductive organ in males

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18
Q

how does side effects of other medical treatments cause infertility in males?

A

E.g cancer - chemotherapy treatment impacts on hormone and sperm quality

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19
Q

what are 4 causes of infertility in females?

A
  1. Problems during ovulation
  2. Scarring from surgery on the reproductive organs
  3. Endometriosis
  4. side effects from other medical treatments
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20
Q

How does problems during ovulation cause infertility in females?

A

FSH and LH levels are low so eggs are not maturing or being released from the ovaries

21
Q

Hows does scarring from surgery on reproductive organs cause infertility in females? (2)

A
  • leads to inability for embryos to implant in the uterus
  • or a blockage —> so egg can’t pass from the ovaries along the oviducts to the uterus
22
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

a condition where tissues from the uterus grow in other locations (e.g oviducts, ovaries or bowels)

23
Q

How does endometriosis cause infertility in females??

A

leads to complications during pregnancy –> can lead to infertility if embryo can’t implant itself into the uterus lining or if it implants itself in the wrong areas (e.g oviducts)

24
Q

how does side effects of other medical treatments cause infertility in females?

A
25
Q

what do fertility drugs do?

A

increase the chance of pregnancy

26
Q

what do most fertility drugs contain? (2)

A

FSH - matures the eggs within the ovaries before they are ready to be released
LH- stimulates ovulation

27
Q

what is an advantage of fertility drugs?

A

gives couples opportunity to have a child

28
Q

what is a disadvantage of fertility drugs?

A

multiple pregnancies occurring puts a strain on both mothers and embryos in the uterus as they are competing for proteins

29
Q

what is IVF

A

In Vitro Fertilisation
in vitro means - outside of the body/organism

30
Q

what are the steps for IVF?

A
  1. mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate egg maturisation and ovulation
  2. eggs are collected and fertilised by sperm in a petri dish
  3. 1 or 2 of the developing embryos are inserted back into the mother’s uterus
31
Q

what makes IVF ‘in vitro’

A

the petri dish is outside of the body

32
Q

what are 3 advantages of IVF?

A
  1. allows people to have babies of their own
  2. embryos can be screened for genetic diseases —> so healthy embryo is inserted in uterus and the ones with genetic diseases are destroyed
  3. unused eggs can be used for other couples
33
Q

what are 6 disadvantages of IVF?

A
  1. has side effects (e.g mood swings and headaches)
  2. possibility of multiple pregnancies
  3. physically and emotionally stressful procedure
  4. low success rate
  5. expensive - for both NHS and couple (if done privately)
  6. ethical issues - excess embryos are destroyed
34
Q

what are ethical issues of IVF

A

-couples may want to choose the gender of baby and therefore discard embryos of gender they don’t want
- couples may want to choose the characteristics of their baby

35
Q

what does hormonal contraception involve?

A

involves artificial hormones being inserted into the body
- inhibits FHS production by releasing oestrogen and/or progesterone –> this stops the egg maturing

36
Q

what are 3 hormonal contraceptions?

A
  1. Oral contraceptive pills
  2. contraceptive implant, injection or patch
  3. hormonal intrauterine device
37
Q

What do contraceptive pills contain?

A

contains a combination of oestrogen and progesterone

38
Q

how does contraceptive implant, injection or patch work?

A

release oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit FSH release and stops the egg maturing from the ovaries

39
Q

what are 3 advantages of hormonal contraceptions?

A
  1. 99% effective if taken correctly
  2. free from NHS
  3. contraceptive implant is long lasting
40
Q

what are 5 disadvantages of hormonal contraceptions?

A
  1. No STI/STD protection
  2. side effects of modified hormone levels
  3. oral contraceptive pill: side effects of headaches
  4. people may forget to take pill
  5. contraceptive implant, injection, patch: causes spotting, continuous bleeding from the uterus
41
Q

what are 4 non-hormonal contraceptions?

A
  1. copper intrauterine device
  2. spermicidal agents
  3. abstaining from sexual intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct/ during most fertile days of the month [day 14 (ovulation) and day 22]
  4. surgical method of sterilisation
42
Q

how does copper intrauterine device work?

A

prevents embryo implantation

43
Q

how does spermicidal agents work?

A

is a gel that kills sperm

44
Q

how do surgical method of sterilisation work?

A

prevents sperm or eggs being released during sexual intercourse
- cuts/ blocks tubes that carry sperm out of the penis or that carry the egg from the ovaries to the uterus

45
Q

what are 3 advantages of non - hormonal contraception?

A
  1. easy to buy and use
  2. 99% effective if used correctly
  3. offer protection from STIs
46
Q

what are 6 disadvantages of non - hormonal contraception?

A
  1. physical barrier may tear (e.g condom) –> so fertilisation could occur or STIs can be contracted
  2. people have allergic reactions to spermicidal agents or latex ( makes physical barriers - condoms)
  3. surgical methods are permanent so can’t be reversed
  4. mistimings of abstaining from sexual intercourse during fertile days
  5. spermicidal agents are less effective
  6. possible infection from surgical methods of sterilisation
47
Q

what does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle- stimulating hormone

48
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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