B4 Flashcards
(FSL) What are the uses of glucose in respiration?
- release energy in respiration
- make starch
- converted into fats + oil
- make amino acids
(FSL) what do plants need to do to make amino acids from glucose?
plants need to absorb nitrate ions from the soil
(FSL) what converts CO2 and water into glucose ?
light energy
(FSL) how are proteins made?
by chemically joining together amino acids
(FSL) why does aerobic respiration release lots of energy?
because the glucose molecule is fully oxidised
(FSL) why does anaerobic respiration release less energy than aerobic respiration?
because the oxidation of glucose is incomplete
(FSL) what is the equation for respiration in plant and yeast cells?
Glucose –> ethanol + CO2
(FSL) what is anerobic respiration in yeast cells called? what is it used to make?
fermentation
- used to make bread and alcohol
(FSL) why does the body need a lot of energy during excercise?
muscle contraction
(FSL) what happens to body when extra oxygen is needed? (2)
- breathing rate and breathing volume increases —> to get more oxygen into the blood stream
- heart rate increases —> to pump oxygenated blood around the body
(FSL) why is there a build up of lactic acid in anaerobic respiration?
the oxidation of glucose is incomplete which leads to a build up of lactic acid
(FSL) what does lactic acid cause? (2)
causes muscles to become fatigued and to stop contracting efficiently
(FSL) what is oxygen debt?
the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after excercise to deal with the accumulated lactic acid
**go over **
(FSL) How is lactic acid removed
Lactic acid transported out of muscles by blood
2. Lactic acid is then taken to the liver and converted back to glucose in a series of chemical reactions
- reacting with accumulated lactic acid and removing it from cells requires oxygen
(FSL) what is the energy released by respiration used for?
to synthesise new molecules in the cell
(FSL) what is metabolism?
the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or body
(FSL) what are 3 used of glucose in plants?
- converted into cellulose –> strengthens cell wall
- converted into starch
- glucose is reacted with nitrate ions to make amino acids —> amino acids are used to synthesise proteins
(FSL) what is one use of glucose in humans?
converted into glycogen which is a storage form of glucose
**go over **
(FSL) word equation for formation of lipids
1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules—> lipid
(FSL) where are lipids found?
in the cell membrane
go over
(FSL) what happens to excess protein?
it is broken down into chemical urea which is then excreted by kidneys
what type of reaction is respiration?
an exothermic reaction
what does respiration allow our cells to do?
to carry out vital functions
what are the 2 forms of human respiration?
aerobic and anaerobic
what is aerobic respiration?
respiration with oxygen
what is anaerobic respiration?
respiration without oxygen
what us the word equation for (aerobic) respiration?
glucose + oxygen —-> CO2 + water
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose –> lactic acid
what is the word equation of anaerobic respiration in pant and yeast cells?
Glucose –> ethanol + CO2
where does aerobic respiration release energy from?
the food you’ve eaten
what are 4 uses of respiration?
- Muscle contraction
- maintaining optimal body temperature
- building up larger molecules (from smaller molecules)
- building up sugar (plant only)
why does muscle contraction need respiration?
the internal organs + skeletal muscles rely on energy from respiration to contract
why does muscle contraction need respiration?
the internal organs + skeletal muscles rely on energy from respiration to contract
why does maintaining optimal body temperature require energy from respiration?
it is important so that all reactions in body can be carried out
why does building up larger molecules from smaller molecules require respiration?
includes glucose converted into glycergen
why does building up sugars in pant require respiration?
turning glucose into starch as an energy storage
what is the role of the blood in respiration?
It is the delivery system
- carries the reactants needed for respiration
and then removes the waste products
what is role of the heart in respiration?
pumps blood to all our cells
- important for heart rate to keep up demands for respiration
what is the role of breathing in respiration?
maintains concentration for diffusion of gases
what is the role of digestion in respiration?
supplies glucose
- converts food eaten to molecules for bodily use
what is glycogen’s role in respiration?
is a store of glucose which is needed for respiration
what are 6 changes in the body during excercise?
- heart rate increases
- volume of blood per beat increases
- breathing rate increases
- breathing depth increases
- glycogen levels in the mucus decrease
- blood volume increases
what happens to your heart rate during excercise? so?
increase
- so we can pump blood to mucus faster –> so more oxygen and glucose is available
what happens to the volume of blood per heart beat during excercise?
increases
- pumps more blood per beat –> more glucose and oxygen per beat
what happens to the breathing depth during excercise?
increases
- as there is more air in every breath–> so more oxygen in the body per breath
what happens to the breathing rate during excercise?
increases as there is as faster intake of air so oxygen circulates around the body so faster excretion for CO2
what happens to the glycogen levels in the muscle during excercise?
decreases
- it breaks down into glucose
what happens to the blood volume during excercise?
increases
- more blood pumped
what are the 2 impacts of anaerobic respiration?
- results in lactic acid build up
- can lead to muscle fatigue
what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells known as?
fermentation
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
Glucose —> Ethanol + CO2
what is metabolism?
the sum of all reactions happening in a cell or organism in which molecules are made or broken down
what are 5 reactions that happen in metabolism?
- conversions of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose
- making lipids
- making proteins
- respiration
- glucose and nitrates are used to make proteins (IN PLANTS)
what are the 3 role of lipids?
- stores excess energy in body
- amino acids are joined to make new proteins
- help with insulation
what are oils?
liquid forms of fat
proteins (3)
- some already in body, some come from food
-. amino acids are joined to make new proteins - used for growth and repair
what is urea?
breakdown of excess amino acids
where is urea broken down?
in the liver
what removes the urea?
kidneys
what are the 2 veins that are found in the leaf?
xylem and phloem
where does a plant get energy from?
energy transferred from light waves
what are 5 uses of glucose?
1.respiration
2. make proteins
3. stored as insoluble starch
4. make cellulose
5. converted into fats and oils
what are the 4 limiting factors of photosynthesis?
- light intensity
- temperature
- CO2 concentration
- chlorophyll level
what is the scientific word for level of?
plateau
where does aerobic respiration occur?
in mitochondria
where does anaerobic respiration occur?
in cytoplasm
what does inverse square law state?
if the distance (in m) doubles then the light intensity will get 4x smaller
What are 5 differences between aeroic and anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic: with oxygen - Anaerobic: without
- Aerobic: releases more energy - Anaerobic: release less energy
- Aerobic: produces CO2 and water - Anaerobic: produces lactic acid and energy or ethanol and CO2
- Aerobic: glucose completelyy broken down - Anaerobic: Glucose not completely broken down
- Aerobic: occurs in mitochondria - Anaerobic: occurs in cytoplasm
