B1 Cell Biology Flashcards
enzymes, digestive system, the lungs, the heart, cancer, NCD, food tests, transpiration, the blood, nutrients
what is an organelle?
different parts of the cell
-e.g nucleus and mitochondria
what is a eukaryotic cell?
a cell that has a nucleus
what is a prokaryotic cell?
a cell without a nucleus
what is the function the cell wall?
to provide structure and support
what is the cell wall made of?
cellulose
- gives strength to the cell and supports the plant
what is the function the cell membrane?
controls what enter and leaves the cell
what is the function of cytoplasm?
where most of the cell’s reactions take place
- its is a fluid inside the cell.
what is the function of the chloroplast?
where photosynthesis takes place
what is the function of the mitochondria?
where respiration takes place
what is the function of the nucleus?
-controls the activities of the cell
- contains genetic information
what is the function of ribosomes?
where protein synthesis takes place
what is the function of the vacuole?
stores sap
what is sap?
an energy store that helps with water movement
what are 5 similarities of animal and plant cells?
cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria
what are 3 differences of plant and animal cells?
cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast are only found in plant cells
what are the plasmids and their function
- additional genetic material
- acts as vehicles or vectors to introduce foreign DNA to bacteria
what is the flagellum and its function?
the tail that helps the cell move around
what is the function of the capsule?
protect cell from ingestion and WBC
what are 3 similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
cytoplasm, cell membrane and cell wall
what are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-prokaryotes have:
free DNA, no mitochondria, plasmid in DNA and are 10x smaller
-eukaryotes have:
DNA in the nucleus and contain mitochondria
magnification equation
image size/actual size
magnification equation 2
eyepiece lens x objective lens
micrometer —> nanometers
x1000
nanometer —> micrometer
divide 1000
millimetres—> micrometers
x1000
micrometers —-> millimetres
divide 1000
microscopy practical
viewing onion cells
.
Microscopy practical
viewing cheek cells under a microscope
.
What are specialised cells designed for?
To carry out specific functions in the body
What are red blood cells?
cell in blood that carries oxygen to the body
Red Blood Cells
- adaptations (3)
Adaptations:
1.has bioconcave shape —> increase the S.A
- no nucleus —> more room for oxygen
- contains hemogloblin
what does hemogloblin do?
transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues through out the body
- carries CO2 back to the lungs
what is the function of nerve cells?
-allows communication between different parts of the brain
- carry nerve impulses to and from the brain
Nerve Cells
- Adaptations (4)
Adaptations
1. cell is long —> allows transmissions of nerve impulses at long distances
2. fatty tissues surround the cell —> speed up and insulate transmissions
3. many dendrites —> to form many connections with many other never cells and pass on impulses
4. long thin axon —> allows impulses to travel along the cell
what are Dendrites designed for?
designed to receive communication from other cells
what is the function of the sperm cell?
fertilises an egg
- swim to the ovum for fertilisation
Sperm cell
- adaptations (4)
Adaptations:
1. nucleus contains genetic material
2. has a tail —-> to swim faster
3. has a mid-piece that is full of mitochondria —> to produce energy
4. contains enzymes to break into the ovum
what is the function of the muscle cell?
- contract and relax
- allows movement
Muscle Cell-
Adaptations (2)
Adaptions:
1.grouped together —> to form a muscle tissue
2. contains lots of mitochondria —> to release more energy
what is the function of the phloem cell? (2)
-transport and distribute nutrients
- transport sugars around the plant
Phloem Cell
-Adaptations (3)
Adaptations:
1. has sieve tubes —> for transport
2. no nuclei
3. has companion cells —> provides energy
Xylem Cell
-Function
-Adaptations (2)
Function: transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
Adaptation:
1. Lignin —> strengthens cell
2. Lose their end walls —> so the xylem forms a continuous hollow tube
what is the function of palisade cells
to stop water from leaving and stopping unwanted substances getting in
What are the adaptations (3) of palisade cells?
- packed with many chloroplast –. so can absorb more energy from the sun for photosynthesis
- colum shaped
- arranged closely together
what is the function of root hair cells?
take up water and mineral ions for the plant
what are the adaptations of root hair cells?
large surface area —> to take up lots of water
what are ciliated epithelial cells?
found in lungs and oviducts
what are the adaptations of ciliated epithelial cells?
have a cilia to transport mucus or an ovum
What are stem cells?
undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell
- all the cells in our body are derived from stem cells
What is differentiation
the process where cells become specialised for a specific function
Give 6 advantages of embryonic stem cells
- painless technique
- treats many diseases
- can become any type of cell
- can create many embryos from the lab
- can come from donations
- there is a low chance of the patients immune system rejecting the cells
Give 5 disadvantages of embryonic stem cells
- unreliable —> if gets out of control can develop into cancer tumour
- very expensive—> £5,000 for a few cells
- possible long term effects
- ethical issues
- destroying embryo = destroying a life
Give 6 advantages of adult stem cells
- no ethical issues
- reliable technique
- quick recovery
- adult can give permission
- cheaper —. £1,000 for many cells
- the procedure is mostly safe
Give 5 disadvantages of adult stem cells
- risk of infection
- only treats a few diseases
- painful procedure
- high chance of patient’s immune system rejecting the cells
- each stem cell divides every 4 hours
What is theraputic cloning?
wanting to have more stem cells on purpose
- when stem cells are used to grow organs for transplant
What are the steps for therapeutic cloning
- Body cells are taken from the patient
- The nucleus is separated from the cell
- the nucleus of the patient’s cell is fused with empty egg from the donor
- the cell is stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo
- stem cells are ready for therapeutic use
What are the 3 adaptions of the small intestine
- folded surface (villi) —> increases the S.A which means more space for the diffusion of gases
2.good blood supply
- maintains the conc gradient
- transports substances to and from the cell - one cell is thin —> shortens the diffusion distance
Lungs & Alveoli adapataions (4)
- folded surface (alveoli) —> larger S.A and short diffusion pathway
- good blood supply —> maintains conc gradient
- thin wall —> minimises diffusion distance
- moist —> gases can dissolve in the membrane
what are the adaptations fish gills (3)
- folded surface ( gill filaments) —> large S.A : Vol ratio —> speeds up diffusion
- good blood supply —-> maintains the conc gradient
- transports oxygen - thin wall —> minimises diffusion
Root adaptations (3)
- large S.A: Vol ratio —> speeds up diffusion
- Thin —> short diffusion pathway
- Contains lots of mitochondria —> provides energy to absorb mineral ions
What is active transport?
the movement of particles from an area is lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
across a semi permeable membrane requiring energy from respiration
- low —> high
- substances move again conc gradient
- requires energy from the cell
- contains mitochondria
What is osmosis
the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a partially permeable membrane
- high —> low
- water moves down a conc gradient
- no energy is required
What is diffusion?
the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
- high –> low
- move down conc gradient
- no energy required
What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion (3)
- Temperature
higher temp —> particles carry more energy —> higher rate of diffusion - Surface area
larger S.A —> more contact —> higher rate of diffusion
3.Diffusion distance
shorter diffusion distance —> higher rate of diffusion
what are the similarites of osmosis, diffusion and active transport?
- partially permeable membrane
- root hair cell
- movement of substances
how does bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
what do you grow bacteria on?
an agar plate
what is mitosis?
what is stage 1 of mitosis called? what happens?
interphase
- the chromosomes replicate and other sub-cellular structures
explain the steps for mitosis
interphase: the chromosomes replicate and other subcellular structures
mitosis (1): the chromosomes lines up in the centre of the cell and the organelles move to opposite ends of the cell
mitosis (2): the cell begins to split
mitosis (3): the nucleus divides
cytokinesis: the cytoplasm divides and new cell membranes form to produce 2 identical daughter cells
list 4 reasons for mitosis
- growth for multicellular organism
- repair of damaged tissues
- replacement of cells
- asexual reproduction
What do bine marrow stem cells differentiate to form? E.g?
Differentiate to form alls found in our blood e.g WBC RBC platelets
What is leukaemia? How is it treated?
- A cancer of the bone marrow
Treatment:
1. the patient’s existing bone marrow is destroyed using radiation.
2. The patient then receives a transplant o bone marrow from a donor
3. The stem cells in the bone marrow now divine and form new bone marrow. They also differentiate and form blood cells.
What can therapeutic cloning be used to treat? ()
Diabetes or paralysis
