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B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what kind of diseases are measles and HIV

A

viral, human disease

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2
Q

how do measles spread?

A

through airborne droplets and direct contact

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3
Q

what are the main symptoms of measles?

A

distinctive rash and fever

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4
Q

How can you control the spread of measles

A

isolate infected people and vaccinations

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5
Q

how can you treat measles?

A

you can’t treat the virus but can treat symptoms with painkiller

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6
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

is transmitted through bodily fluids, sharing needles and unprotected sex

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7
Q

how can you prevent HIV?

A

sterilise needles and only use them once, use a condom

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8
Q

does HIV have a cure?

A

No, infected people are given antiretoviral drugs to slow down the development of HIV into AIDs

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9
Q

How does HIV turn into AIDs?

A
  1. you feel flu - like symptoms which disappear
  2. so you may not know that you have been infected
  3. months or years later the virus becomes active again but is then known as AIDs
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10
Q

What happens when you get AIDs

A

Yout immune system has been attacked and it is then difficult to fight off infection

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11
Q

what does TMV stand for? How does TMV spread?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

it spreads by contact between plants naturally or by farmers hands

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12
Q

What happens when to a plant that has TMV?

A

the chloroplast of the plant is infected —> meaning it no longer absorbs light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

TMV: what colour do the leaves change to

A

green and then develops a mosaic pattern

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14
Q

is there a cure for TMV?

A

NO, tools are cleaned and infected plants are removed

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15
Q

What type of infection are salmonella and gonorrhoea

A

bacterial infection

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16
Q

What causes salmonella

A

bacteria that causes food poisoning, found in under-cooked food or food that isn’t heated properly

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17
Q

how to prevent salmonella?

A

cook food properly and in hygienic conditions

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18
Q

what is salmonella treated with?

A

antibiotics, symptoms don’t last long so body fights of infection within few days

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19
Q

what is gonorrhoea?

A

a sexually transmitted disease

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20
Q

What does gonorrhoea cause?

A

-causes burning pain when urinating
-can from thick yellow discharge
- if untreated can cause infertility

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21
Q

are antibiotics used to treat viral or bacterial infections? why?

A

bacterial , because viruses are inside cells and can’t be reached

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22
Q

What type of infection are rose black spots?

A

fungal infection

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23
Q

how are rose black spots spread?

A

by water, wind or touch ( gardeners hand)

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24
Q

how to prevent rose black spot

A

take out leaf or whole plant that is infected, sterilise gardening tools

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25
Q

what treatment is used for rose black spots?

A

spraying fungicides

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26
Q

How do rose black spots reduce the growth of a plant?

A

they reduce the volume of chlorophyll in leaves —> so less light is being absorbed for photosynthesis

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27
Q

what kind of infection is malaria?

A

protist infection

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28
Q

how is malaria spread?

A

by mosquitos who carry the protist

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29
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria?

A

fever, sweat, liver damage

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30
Q

how can you control the spread of malaria? (4)

A

mosquito nets, insect repellent, drain stagnant water ( they lay their eggs there), insecticides ( used to clean crops)

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31
Q

how do you treat malaria

A

anti- malarial drugs to treat symptoms and prevent infection

32
Q

What is a vector?

A

an organism that spreads diseases but not affected

33
Q

list ways pathogens can spread

A

1.food and water
2. insect bites
3. airbourne droplets
4. indirect contact
5. direct contact

34
Q

list ways to prevent pathogens from spreading

A
  1. wash hands
  2. clean drinking water
  3. use condom
  4. isolate infected people
  5. vaccinations
35
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

36
Q

what are examples of pathogens?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists

37
Q

what happens to bacteria once inside cell?

A

reproduces rapidly and releases toxins

38
Q

what do toxins do?

A

damage tissues, making us feel ill

39
Q

Can viruses reproduce?

A

can’t reproduce by themselves can only reproduce inside a host cell

40
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A
  1. destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce
  2. protects us incase the same type of pathogen invades again
41
Q

explain how WBCs destroys pathogens (phagocytosis)

A
  1. detects chemicals released from the pathogen and moves towards it
  2. then ingests the pathogen
  3. then uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen
42
Q

what are antibodies?

A

protein molecules produced by WBCs

43
Q

how do antibodies kill pathogens

A
  1. the antibodies stick to the pathogens
  2. this triggers the pathogens to be destroyed
44
Q

what do antibodies have to be?

A

specific

45
Q

what produces antitoxins

A

white blood cells

46
Q

what prevents toxins from damaging cells and how?

A

antitoxins stick the toxin molecules preventing them from damaging the cells

47
Q

What do vaccines involve?

A

involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of pathogens into the body

48
Q

can these dead or inactive forms of pathogens lead to disease in patients?

A

no, because its’s dead and inactive

49
Q

how do WBCs divide?

A

by mitosis to produce copies of itself

50
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

when an unvaccinated person can’t be infected because everyone around them has been vaccinated so they can’t spread a pathogen to them

51
Q

can antibiotics kill viruses?

A

no, they kill the infective bacteria inside the human body without harming body cells

52
Q

what is the 1st antibiotic?

A

Pencillin

53
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A
  • when certain antibiotics are not effective because they have been overused
  • when the bacteria has evolved so no longer killed by antibiotics
54
Q

what do painkillers do?

A

treat symptoms of diseases by relieving pain
- they don’t kill the pathogen

55
Q

where do most drugs come from?

A

plant extracts

56
Q

what do foxgloves contains?

A

an active ingredient for a drug called digitails

57
Q

what is digitail used to treat?

A

heart arrhythmia ( when you have an abnormal heart beat

58
Q

where does the painkiller aspirin originate from?

A

the plant/ tree willow

59
Q

who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

60
Q

what was penicillin discovered from?

A

penicillium mould

61
Q

where can drugs be extracted from?

A

microorganisms

62
Q

Steps for drug development (3)

A
  1. starts with chemist designing a molecule
  2. then tested in lab to see if it is toxic
  3. tested on live animals to find the correct dose
63
Q

when will a drug face clinical trials?

A

when it passes the animal testing stage

64
Q

what are the 3 phases for clinical trials?

A

phase 1: carried out on healthy people
- checking safety of drug and side effects

Phase 2: carried out on a small group of patients
- where scientists see if drug is effective

Phase 3: large scale clinical trial (placebo included)
- find optimum dose
- healthy/ effective for wide range of people (young, old)

65
Q

what happens after all 3 phases of clinical trial

A

drug company submits research to government to ask for license to sell the drug

66
Q

what is efficacy?

A

how effective the drug is

67
Q

what is placebo

A

a fake drug/ a dummy treatment

68
Q

what is double blind trial?

A

when neither the doctors nor the patients know who has the real drug and who has the placebo

69
Q

what is the reason for a double blind trial?

A
  • to prevent bias
  • so the efficacy of the drug can be seen
70
Q

why is a computer simulation used when developing a new drug?

A

to see if the drug will interact with the target

71
Q

why is the drug tested on cell cultures?

A

to test the toxicity/ make sure it isn’t toxic

72
Q

what is thalidomide?

A

a drug taken to help people sleep

73
Q

what happened during the development/ trials of thalidomide?

A
  • said to be completely safe when tested on animals –> because they couldn’t find a dose high enough to kill a rat
  • was then prescribed to pregnant women –> as a cure for morning sickness
  • these women’s babies were born with birth defects
74
Q

how long do preclinical trials take to be completed?

A

12 months

75
Q

how long do clinical trials take to complete?

A

7 years

76
Q

how long will it take for a drug to be on the market?

A

8 years

Biology (16 decks)

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