B2 organisation Flashcards
conary disease and heart needs to be done
how do you test for starch?(3)
- put food on spotting tile
- add few drops of iodine solution
- starch present if iodine turns from orange —> blue - black
how do you test for protein? (4)
- add food sample to test tube
- add 2cm^3 of biuret solution
- mix gently
- protein present if solution goes from blue —> purple
how do you test for sugar/ glucose? (4)
- put small amount of food into test tube
- cover with benedicts solution
- heat gently in water bath for 5-10 mins
- glucose is present if turns from blue —> orange - red
how do you test for fats?
2 methods
- add food sample to test tube
- cover with ethanol
- add 2cm depth of water
- Fat present if goes cloudy white
method 2: - rub/ crush food onto filter paper
- fat is present if paper goes translucent
how is fat broken down?
fat –> lipase –> fatty acids and glycerol
- fat is broken down by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol
fat: large molecule
lipase: enzyme
fatty acids and glycerol: small soluble (product)
how is starch broken down?
starch–> amylase–> sugar/ glucose
- starch is broken down by amylase into sugar/glucose
starch: large insoluble
amylase: enzyme
sugar: product
how is protein broken down?
protein–> protease —> amino acids
- protein is broken down by protease into amino acids
protein: large insoluble
protease: enzyme
amino acids: product
which places are amylase made in?
pancreas, small intestine, salivary glands,
which places are protease made in?
pancreas, small intestine, stomach
which places are lipase made in?
pancreas and small intestine
what solution is used to test for starch?
iodine
what solution is used to test for protein?
biuert solution
what is the colour change for starch?
orange to blue -black
what is the colour change for protein?
blue to purple
what enzymes is used to break down fats?
lipase
what solution is used to test for sugar/ glucose?
benedicts solution
what is the colour change for sugar/glucose?
blue to orange - red
what 2 solutions are used to test for fat?
water and ethanol
what enzyme is used to break down starch?
amylase
where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
alveoli
what are 3 adaptations of the alveoli?
all of these helps increase the rate of diffusion
1.folded walls –> larger SA
2. very thin walls —> shorter diffusion pathway
3. good blood supply—> maintains steep conc gradient
what is the blood?
a tissue that transports substances such as oxygen and CO2
where does oxygen diffuses from in the blood?
diffuses from alveoli into blood
- from high conc to low
where does CO2 diffuse from in the blood?
diffuses from blood into alveoli
- from high conc to low
what are blood vessels?
what the blood moves through?
(arteries and veins)
what is the function of the arteries?
carries blood away from the heart
- is a blood vessel
what are 3 structures of the arteries?
1.thick walls —> to withstand high pressure
2. elastic walls —> so they can stretch and return to original shape
3. thick muscles —> to maintain the force on the blood
what is the function of the veins?
carries blood to heart
what is the structure of the veins?
n.d
what are the 4 blood components?
red blood cells. white blood cells, platelets, plasma
what is the function of red blood cells?
carries oxygen to the body cells
what is the function of white blood cells?
protects the body against pathogen that cause diseases
what is the function of platelets?
involved with blood clotting
( stops you bleeding)
what is the function of plasma?
carries nutrients, CO2 and waste products
what is the calculation for blood flow?
Cardiac output= heat rate x stroke volume
what is cancer?
an uncontrolled growth of cells
- cells divide uncontrollably and form a mass of cells called tumours
what are the 2 types of cancer tumours?
benign and malignant tumours
what are malignant tumours?
uncontrolled growth of cells that can invade other tissues
- they spread throughout the body via the blood where they form secondary tumours
what are benign tumours?
uncontrolled growth of cells that can’t invade other tissues
what are 4 cancer survival rates?
- earlier diagnosis
- improved treatment
- more cancer screening
- improve patient knowledge of risk factors
what are non communicable diseases?
diseases that can’t spread from person to person
what are the 2 risk factors of NCDs?
medical and lifestyle
medical: substances in a persons body or environment
lifestyle: aspect’s of a persons life
what are 4 medical risk factors of NCD’s?
1.high cholesterol –> fatty substances
2. high blood pressure
3. diabetes
4. genetic factors
what are 4 lifestyle risk factors of NCD’s?
1.obesity
2. smoking
3. alcohol
4. high fat diet
what are 2 links between medical and lifestyle risk factors on NCDs?
obesity is linked to high cholesterol
smoking is linked to high blood pressure
how many nutrients are there?
7
fibre
needed for
what is fat needed for and where is it found?
- needed for energy
- found in oils, butter and cheese
carbohydrates
- needed for…
- found in ..
- 2 types?
-need for energy
-found in bread and pasta
-comes in 2 forms:
starch: large insoluble
sugar: soluble
what is water needed for and where is it found?
- needed for hydration
- found in fruit, veg and drinks
what are vitamins needed for and where are they found?
- needed for good health
- found in fruit and veg
what are minerals needed for and where are they found?
- needed for good health
- found in fruit and veg
what are proteins needed for and where are they found?
- needed for growth and repair
- found in meat, fish, beans and nuts
exam questions - why are viruses not classed as cells?
because they don’t have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes
