B5-099 Electrolyte Imbalance Flashcards
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
nausea
malaise
stupor
coma
seizures
low sodium
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
irritability
stupor
coma
high sodium
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
U waves and flattened T waves on ECG
arrhythmias
muscle cramps
spasm
weakness
low potassium
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
wide QRS and peaked T waves on ECG
arrhythmias
muscle weakness
high potassium
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
tetany
seizures
QT prolongation
twitching
spasm
low calcium
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
renal stones
bone pain
abdominal pain
increased urinary frequency
anxiety
AMS
high calcium
stones, bones, groans, thrones, psychiatric overtones
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
tetany
torsades
hypokalemia
hypocalcemia
low magnesium
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
lethargy
bradycardia
hypotension
cardiac arrest
hypocalcemia
high magnesium
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
bone loss
osteomalacia
rickets
low phosphate
what electrolyte disturbance is causing these symptoms?
renal stones
metastatic calcifications
hypocalcemia
high phosphate
winter’s formula
PCO2= 1.5 [HCO3] + 8 +/- 2
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does malabsorptive diarrhea cause?
hypotonic contraction
Bartters syndrome causes metabolic […]
alkalosis
excess aldosterone activates the proton ATPases causing excessive proton loss and metabolic alkalosis
Bartters
in RTA, calcium levels are abnormally […]
increased
in RTA, the high amount of protons and low pH stimulate bone reabsorption and […] release into blood
calcium
causes hypercalciuria
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does diabetes insipidus cause?
hypertonic contraction
diabetes insipidus leads to […] due to the primary loss in free water
Na+
hypernatremia
fever and tachypnea lead to […] due to a primary loss of free water
Na+
hypernatremia
psychogenic polydipsia dilutes body fluids causing
Na+
hyponatremia
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does excess administration of .9% saline cause?
isotonic expansion
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does hemorrhage cause?
isotonic contraction
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does Liddle’s syndrome cause?
hypertonic expansion
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does malabsorptive diarrhea cause?
hypotonic contraction
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does profuse sweating cause?
hypertonic contraction
what type of volume osmolality disturbance does psychogenic polydipsia cause?
hypotonic expansion
leads to excessive Na+ retention and K+ loss due to excessive stimulation of the basolateral NaKATPase
primary hyperaldosteronism
- hypernatremia
- hypokalemia
- metabolic alkalosis
primary hyperaldosteronism
how does primary hyperaldosteronism cause metabolic alkalosis?
hyperactivation of proton ATPases that excrete protons into tubular lumen
characterized by loss of potassium in urine leading to hypokalemia
Bartters
aldosterone deficiency
ACE inhibitors
and acidosis all cause..
hypo or hyper kalemia
hyperkalemia
what electrolyte imbalance would be seen with excessive use of furosemide?
hyponatremia
inhibits NKCC
in bartter’s, the increase in renin release due to malfunction of the NKCC leads to
secondary hyperaldosteronism
in Bartters, hyperaldosteronism causes continuous activation of proton secretion, leading to
metabolic alkalosis
mannitol causes movement of water from the interstitial space to the bloodstream causing
dilution of electrolytes
[…] inhibits ANP release
hypovolemia
renin and SNS activation cause […] of TPR
increase
fluid contraction and low BP activate
RAAS system
diarrhea causes […] levels of bicarb in plasma
reduced
chracterized by the low urine volume, presence of hemoglobin and RBCs in urine
HUS
loss of hydrochloric acid through vomiting leads to
alkalosis
increased pH
how does vomiting affect blood pH?
increase
atypical HUS is caused by
genetic mutation leading to chronic uncontrolled activation of the complement system
characterized by activation of blood coagulation resulting in generation and deposition of fibrin and consumption of clotting factors
DIC
results in hemorrhage and MODS
DIC
- rare blood disorder characterized by clotting in small vessels, resulting in a low platelet count
- accompanied by neurological abnormalities and purpura
TTP
the first immediate goal for a patient with HUS should be
control electrolyte balance and avoid dehydration
should you give antibiotics for HUS?
no, destruction of bacteria will exacerbate disease
HUS causes […] GFR
low or high
low
characterized by an increased in sodium reabsorption through a mutated ENAc
Liddles
Liddles syndrome causes an […] in intravascular volume
increase or decrease
increase
constant diarrhea cause loss of which electrolytes?
all
despite retention of Na+ and K+ due to kidney failure, GI losses dominat
- hypernatremia
- hypokalemia
- metabolic alkalosis
primary hyperaldosteronism
- hyponatremia
- hyperkalemia
- metabolic acidosis
hypoaldosteronism
hypercalcemia accompanying RTA is due to
bone reabsorption
thiazide OD can cause what electrolyte imbalance?
hyponatremia with hypotonicity
what electrolyte imbalance can beta-2-agonists cause?
hypokalemia
beta 2 stimulation shifts K+ into cells via activation of
NaKATPase in skeletal muscle
causes drop in intravascular K+
what electrolyte disturbances does secretory diarrhea cause?
hypokalemia
metabolic acidosis
in metabolic acidosis with compensation by the lungs, PaCO2 will […] and PaO2 will […]
PaCO2 will decrease
PaO2 will increase
what electrolyte disturbances does Gitelman’s cause?
hyponatremia
hypokalemia
hypomagnesemia
hypocalcemia
in diabetes insipidus, electrolytes in the plasma would be […]
concentrated
respiratory acidosis inhibits NaKATPase causing
hyperkalemia
insulin activates NaKATPase simulating the uptake of […] into cells
K+
K+ will decrease in plasma
