B4.033 - Respiratory System Flashcards
what is the function of the respiratory system
proveds a system for absorption of atmospheric oxygen into the blood vascular supply, and excretion of CO2 in to the atmosphere
what 4 things does the respiratory system help facilitate
Sense of smell
speech
acid-base balance
body temperature control
what are basal cells
esentially stem cells, mitotically acitve and produce neuronal cells throughout life
how long do neuronal cells live
30-60 d
describe neuronal cells
the apical region of neuronal cells faces mucosal surface; contains several modified cilia
how does olfaction work
an axonal projection extends from the basal region of neuronal cells and contacts neurons of the olfactory bulb in brain. Oflactory glands secrete a serous fluid containing odorant biding protein which binds to oderant molecules on surface of modified cilia. Secretions also contain lysozyme and secretory IGA.
identify what each arrow is pointitg to
what is the conduction system
component of respiratory system
Transports inspired and expired gases into and out of the lungs (nasal an oral cavities to trminal bronchioles)
* NO gas exchange
what is the respiration system
interface for passive exchange of gases with blood pulmonary acini consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and avleoli)
what makes up the conducting system and the respiration system
conduction system: from teh nasal/oral cavities to the terminal bronchioles, inclusive.
Respiration system: Respiratory bronchiole, avleioli (gas exchange)
what does the pulmonary vein do
transports oxygenated blood back to the heart.
what does the pulmonary artery do
transports deoxygenated blood
what does the bronchial artery do
carry oxygenated blood, also follow the bronchial tree and supply branches to the wallls of the bronchi, arteries, veins and onnectinve tissue septa.
what is the deep (pulmonary) lymphatic plexus do
found around bronchi and bronchioles, blood vessels and septa. Links to the superficial lymphatic plexus and also drains into the hylum into main lymphatic vessels
identify what the arrows are pointing to
what are the black dots
identify where this slide is from and what each layer is
what is depicted here
what part of the respiratory system has mucous secretion
conduction system
where does the cartilage stop in the respiratory system
bronchioles, there is no cartilage here
what do 1, 2, 3 represent
- as bronchi become smaller, irregular cartilage plates are observed. The cartilage plates are surrounded by connective tissue fibers
- Bundles of smooth muscle fibers
- seromucous glands are observed in lamina propria with secretory acinin projecting beyond the layer of smooth muscle
what is depicted here
Motile cilia on apical surface of epithelial cells
no mucus pictured here
goblet cells (non ciliated)
Cilia
what is the purpose of mucus
mucus protects the lung through mucociliary clearance of dust and othe small particulates, chemicals, and pathogens entering the lung.
what is mucus made of
water, ions. and various macromolecules, some of which possess protective functions such as anti-microbial, anti-protease, and anti-oxidant activity
what do goblet cells do
secrete mucus
what provides structural support in the airways to help them stay open
cartilage and smooth muscle
what does mucus do
traps gunk you dont want in your lungs and moves it back up to be spit out or swallowed
where does the mucus usually lay
on top of the motile cilia
what does cigarette smoking do with cilia
affects cilia, metaplasia happens and they dont beat as long or as rhythmically leading to cough and prevents ability to move things out
what is the ciliary system called
mucociliary escalator
identify structures in black
why are there no mucus secreting glands below terminal bronchus
its hard to have gas exchange in an area with lots of mucus
what is represented by the M and what are the open areas to the right
smooth muscle
alveoli
what is represented by each letter
T - terminal bronchus
R - respiratory bronchus
A - alveoli
AD - alviolar duct sacs
what are clara/club cells
surfactant secreting cells
decrease surface tension to prevent sacs from collapsing during exhaling
describe clara cells
apical region of clara cells contains cytoplasmic dense secretory granules, mitochondria and numerous vesicles
what ions do clara cells regulate
chloride
what is IRDS caused by
lack of surfactant
are clara cells ciliated
no
where are club cells found
terminal and respiratory bronchioles
what are the 4 cell types in the alveoli
Type 1 pneumocyte (alveolar epithelial cell)
Type 2 pneumocyte
Alveolar macrophage
capillary edothelium
what is a type 1 pnuemocte
alveolar epithelial cell
thin cell, cytoplasm super thin
which cell type covers the largest surface area lining the lumen
type 1 pneumocyte
what is a type 2 pneumocyte
taller, granulous cell that secretes surfactant
how are type 2 pneumocytes different from club cells
secrete a lot more surfactant and have more granules in cytoplasm
what is an alveolar macrophage
phagocytoses and degrades old surfactant or infectous material not caught upstream
Identify each cell type in this picture
bottom - alveolar endothelial cell
what are the most prevalent cell type in the septae of the alveoli
alveolar endothelial cells
identify type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes from this drawing
P1 - type 1 pneumocyte
P2 - type 2 pneumocyte
M - macrophage
C - capillaries lined by endothelial cells
identify the alveolar cells, basal laminae and capillary endothelial cell
left - type 1 alveolar
middle - basal laminae
right - capillary endothelial cell
what cell type is this
Type 2 alveolar cell
Surfactant secreting
what is silicosis
fibrosis of the lung due to excess silica inducing macrophages to release chemical agents
what are these
surfactant granules in type 2 pneumocytes
