B4- Transportation

Question 1

Blood plasma

Answer 1

It is a yellow liquid that transports all of your blood cells and some other substances around your body(also defence):

• waste carbon dioxide produced by cells is carried to the lungs
• urea formed in your liver from the breakdown of excess proteins is carried to your kidneys where it is removed from your blood to form urine.
• the small soluble products of digestion pass into the plasma from your small intestine and are transported to the individual cells

Question 2

Red blood cells

Answer 2

Most amount of type of blood cell in your body it picks up oxygen from the air in your lungs and carries it to the cells where it is needed.
Adaptions to make them efficient:
-biconcave discs gives them an increased surface area to volume ratio for diffusion
-packed red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen
- no nucleus

Question 3

White blood cells

Answer 3

Much bigger than red blood cellls but fewer.
Contain a nucleus and form part of the body’s defence system against harmful microorganisms.
Some form antibodies against microorganisms and some form antitoxins against poisons made by microorganisms. And others engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses.

Question 4

Platets

Answer 4

Small fragments of cells without a nucleus and help the blood clot at the site of a wound. Which is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that result in converting fibrinogen into fibrin. This produces a network of protein fibres that capture lots of red blood cells and more platelets to form a jelly-like clot that stops you bleeding to death. Clot dries and hardens to form a scab which protects the new skin and stops bacteria entering the body through the wound.

Question 5

Double circulatory system

Answer 5

A double circulatory system is one where the blood passes through the heart twice to do one complete circuit of the body.
There are essentially two ‘loops’
-the first transports blood to the lungs
-the second transports blood around the tissues of the body

Question 6

Arteries

Answer 6

Arteries stretch as blood forced through them and go back into shape afterwards as a pulse where arteries run close to skin’s surface
As blood arteries under pressure very dangerous if cut as blood spurt out every time heart beats so thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres
Blood usually bright-red oxygenated blood
Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 7

Veins

Answer 7

Veins don’t have a pulse
Thinner walls than arteries and often have valves to close and prevent a back flow of blood it is then squeezed back towards the heart by action skeletal muscles
Low oxygen blood usually purple-red colour
Carry blood from the rest of the body to the heart

Question 8

Capillary

Answer 8

Form a network of tiny vessels linking the arteries and the veins
Narrow with very thin walls enables substances (e.g. oxygen and glucose) diffuse easily out blood and into cells also substances produced by cells e.g. carbon dioxide pass easily into blood through walls of capillaries

Question 9

Pulmonary artery

Answer 9

carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs the word pulmonary is associated with the lungs.

Question 10

Pulmonary vein

Answer 10

returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 11

Atrium

Answer 11

The atrium is where the blood collects when it enters the heart

Question 12

Ventricles

Answer 12

pump the blood out of the heart to the lungs or around the body

Question 13

Semilunar valve

Answer 13

stop the back flow of blood into the heart

Question 14

Biscupid valve

Answer 14

between the left atrium and left ventricle and likewise opens due to a build-up of pressure to the semilunar valve

Question 15

Vena cava

Answer 15

carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

Question 16

Aorta

Answer 16

carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the body

Question 17

Why left ventricle thicker than the right

Answer 17

Because there is greater pressure on the left side than right side as it carries oxygenated blood so there is lots of muscle

Question 18

Coronary heart disease

Answer 18

Coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrow commonly due to a build up of fatty material on the lining of the vessels. Blood flow is reduced and supply of oxygen to the heart muscle is also reduced which can cause pain, a heart attack and even death.

Question 19

Stent

Answer 19

a metal mesh that is placed in the artery then a tiny balloon is inflated to open up the blood vessel and stent the balloon is then deflated and removed but the stent remains in place holding the blood vessel open and the coronary artery flows freely

Question 20

What is an artificial pacemaker

Answer 20

An electrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart rate implanted in your chest attached to the heart bu two wires and sends strong, regular electrical signals to your heart that stimulates it to beat properly.

Question 21

What is an artificial heart

Answer 21

support your natural heart until it is replaced although it still has a risk of blood clotting it can be used for people waiting for a heart transplant with the right tissue or have part temporary hearts to give diseases hearts a rest.

Question 22

Mechanical heart valves

Answer 22

These valves are made of lightweight, strong, and durable materials, such as titanium. They will last 20–30 years before a replacement is needed. Because of the materials in the valve, it is likely that blood clots will form on it. This could stop it from working. Patients will need to take blood thinning drugs every day for the rest of their lives. Even with the thinning drugs, there is also the risk that a blood clot will form and then move to block a blood vessel, which could cause a stroke or heart attack

Question 23

Biological heart valves

Answer 23

Biological valves are created from animal valves or other animal tissue that is strong and flexible, usually from pigs. They can last 10–20 years. The risk of blood clotting is very small, so patients don’t usually require the long-term use of medication. Mechanical valves are cheaper than biological ones, but this does not take into account the long-term use of drugs

Question 24

Transporation affected by light intensity

Answer 24

positive affect on transpiration because the rate of photosynthesis is increased

Question 25

Transpiration affected by temperature

Answer 25

has a positive affect on transpiration because more kinetic energy and rate of photosynthesis is increased

Question 26

Transpiration is affected by Air movement (wind)

Answer 26

positive affect on transpiration because they affect the rate of evaporation and maintain a steep concentration gradient

Question 27

Transpiration is affected by Air humidity

Answer 27

negative affect on transpiration because of the evaporation into more saturated air

Question 28

Transpiration

Answer 28

Loss of water vapour from leaves of a plant through the stomata when opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. Involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion from the stomata

Question 29

Translocation

Answer 29

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leave to the rest of the plant

Question 30

Adaptions of alveoli

Answer 30

- Clusters of alveoli to make a large surface for most effective diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. - Rich supply of capillaries to keep steep concentration gradient for effective diffusion. - There is a short diffusion distance for carbon dioxide and oxygen because the layer of cells between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries.

Question 31

Phloem cells

Answer 31

Transports sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Including transport to the growing areas of the stems and roots where the dissolved sugars are needed for making new plant cells. Food is transported to the storage organs where it provides an energy store for the winter. It is a living tissue (alive) and the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant is translocation. Greenfly and other aphids (plant pests) push their sharp mouthparts right into the phloem and feed on the sugary fluid but too many can kill it.

Question 32

Xylem cells

Answer 32

Mature xylem cells are dead and they transport water and mineral ions from the soil around the plant to the stem and the leaves. In woody plants the xylem makes up the bulk of the wood and the phloem is found in a ring just underneath the bark. Making young trees vulnerable to damage by animals as if a complete ring of phloem is eaten transport in the phloem stops and the tree dies.

Question 33

Upper epidermis

Answer 33

One cell thick and covers the leaf like a skin. The cuticle is a waxy layer which protects the leaf against disease organisms such as parasitic fungi. The cuticle is waterproof and helps prevent water loss by evaporation.

Question 34

Palisade mesophyll area

Answer 34

Palisade cells have a cylindrical shape which helps the light to penetrate the leaf. Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplasts. Palisade cells have more chloroplasts than other cells in the leaf. The chloroplasts can move within the cell to regions where the light intensity is greatest.

Question 35

Spongy mesophyll area

Answer 35

This layer consists of irregularly shaped cells with large air spaces between them and looks like a sponge when seen under a microscope. The cells have fewer chloroplasts than the palisade cells since the light intensity is less.

Question 36

Lower epidermis

Answer 36

One cell thick like the upper epidermis. Contains pores called stomata (singular stoma) each stoma is made up of a pair of guard cells. The stomata allows gases and water vapour to diffuse in and out of the leaf.

Question 37

Guard cells

Answer 37

Stomata open and close in response to changing conditions, such as light intensity, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration.

Question 38

Leaf vein

Answer 38

Water and salts enter the leaf via the xylem sugar made by photosynthesis passes out of the leaf via the phloem

Question 39

why humans are said | to have a double circulatory system

Answer 39

One is oxygenated, meaning oxygen rich, and the other is deoxygenated, which means it has little to no oxygen, but a lot of carbon dioxide.Double circulatory systems are important because they ensure that we are giving our tissues and muscles blood full of oxygen, instead of a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. While it may take a bit more energy than a single circulatory system, this system is much more efficient!

Question 40

other options for someone with badly blocked arteries

Answer 40

Bypass surgery replacing narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body and statins

Question 41

What do statins do and why would you use them

Answer 41

Reduce blood cholesterol and slows down the rate fatty material is deposited in the coronary artery for people at risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 42

What is a natural pacemaker

Answer 42

Controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium of your heart that acts as a natural pacemaker as resting rhythm 70beats a minute

Question 43

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a | mechanical heart valve rather than a biological one?

Answer 43

Advantages: Cheaper,Lightweight strong and durable materials so only need replacement 20-30years Disadvantages: Blood clots common even when you have to take blood thinning medication there is still a risk

Question 44

A 76-year-old man needs a replacement heart valve. He lives alone and cares for himself. What would be the most suitable type of heart valve replacement for him: mechanical or biological? Explain how you made this decision.

Answer 44

Biological because he needs something strong and flexible so he can keep on as he cares for himself and lives alone. He is also quite old so he may forget to take blood thinning medication but still maybe has 10-20years left.