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Year 11 Biology GCSE > B4 - Organising Animals and Plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards

1
Q

what is an aveoli

A
  • have a large surface area for fast diffusion
  • close blood supply to create a short diffusion distance
  • cell wall is 1 cell thick
  • has a good blood supply which maintains the concentration gradient
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2
Q

what are homeostatis

A

the process by which an organism tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions for survival

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3
Q

what is the control system

A

cells called receptors that detect stimuli, a coordination centre that recieves and processes information from receptors

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4
Q

what is the nervous system

A
  • allows humans to respond to changes in the enviroment
  • the information travels as electrical impulses
  • the muscle responds to impulses by contracting
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5
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water from a leaf by evaporation through the stomata

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6
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A
  1. water is absorbed by roots via osmosis
  2. up the xylem
  3. to the leaf
  4. evaporates through the stomata
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7
Q

what is the xylem

A

cells transport water and minerals up the stem from the roots and leaves

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8
Q

what is the pholem

A

cells transport glucose produced in the leaves up and down the stem to grow and storage tissues

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9
Q

what is translication

A

the movement of dissolved glucose up and down the pholem to grow parts for respiration and for storage

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10
Q

what is paliside mesophyll

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs
  • known as the leaf cells
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11
Q

what is the waxy cuticle

A
  • reduces water loss from the leaf
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12
Q

what is the epidermal

A

contain no chloroplasts

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13
Q

what are guard cells

A

they control gas diffusion by regulating stomatal pores

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14
Q

what is the stomata

A
  • allows carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out of the cell
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15
Q

what is the spongy mesophyll

A

has air spaces for lots of diffusion

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16
Q

in a plant what is the purpose of a leaf

A

to carry out photosynthesis

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17
Q

in a plant what is the purpose of the roots

A

to absorb water and nutreints from the soil, it is also used to anker the plant into the soil

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18
Q

in a plant what is the purpose of the stems

A

to transport materials to and from the leaves and the roots, to support the lead and get close to the sun

19
Q

what is evaporation

A

The process of turning from liquid into vapour

20
Q

what would increase transpiration

A
  • lower humidity
  • wind
  • temperature
  • higher light intensity
21
Q

what are platelets

A
  • they help form blood clots at a wound
  • fragments of cells with no nuclues
22
Q

what is plasma

A
  • carrys blood cells, carbon dioxide, urea, soluble food molecues, hormones and proteins
23
Q

what are white blood cells

A
  • destroy bacteria and virus
  • protects us from infection
24
Q

what are red blood cells

A
  • carry oxygen around the body
  • have a biconcave shape
  • contain a red protein pigment called hemoglobin
25
Q

what is a capillary

A
  • thin walls (allows diffusion on substances into and out the blood)
  • out of the blood is oxygen and glucose and equals carbon dioxide
  • 1 cell thick
26
Q

what is a vein

A
  • carrys blood from the organs back towards the heart
  • contains deoxygenated blood
  • thin muscle wall
  • wide lume
  • blood under low pressure
  • veins contain a vaulve to stop backflow
27
Q

what is an artery

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • carrys oxygenated blood
  • thick muscle wall
  • blood under high pressure
  • artetys contain elastic tissue so they can strech and recoil
28
Q

what is the double circutory system

A
  1. takes blood from the right side of the heart to lungs and back
  2. takes blood from left side of the heart to all around the body

(blood flows through the heart 2 times to complete the circuit)

29
Q

what does the aorta do

A

carries blood to the body

30
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

carries blood to the lungs

31
Q

what does the pulmonary veins do

A

carries blood from the lungs

32
Q

what does the superior vena cava

A

carries blood to heart

33
Q

what does the inferior vena cava do

A

carries blood to heart

34
Q

what is the journey of the blood around the heart

A
  1. blood returns to the right atrium through the vena cava
  2. blood flows down into the right ventrical
  3. blood is pumped out of the right ventrical through the pulmonary artery, to the lungs to collect the oxygen
  4. oxygenated returns to the left atrium pulmonary vein
  5. blood flows down to the left ventrical
  6. left ventrical contracts to force the blood out of the aorta to the body
35
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A
  • arterys become blocked with plaque/fat, therefore less blood and oxygen is getting to the heart which means less respiration and energy
36
Q

how can coronary heart disease be treated: statins

A
  • reduce blood cholesterol levels and this slows down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in the arterys
37
Q

how can coronary heart disease be treated: stents

A
  • balloon is placed in the artery
  • whilst the fat deposits narrows artery
  • baloon is inflated to open blood vessel and stent
  • holds artery open
38
Q

how can coronary heart disease be treated: bypass

A
  • surgery
  • replacing the narrow or blocked coronary arteries
  • expensive
  • risks such as infection
39
Q

valvue replacment: cow tissue heart valvue

A
  • been used since 2011
  • made from arterys tissue
  • attached to a stent and insurted inside the valve
40
Q

valvue replacement: living human heart valvue

A
  • been used for more than 12yr
  • can take a long time to find a suitable human donor
  • in the opperation the chest is opened and the old valvue is removed
41
Q

what is the function of a pacemaker

A
  • regulates the heartrate
  • found in the right atrium
  • sends electrical impulses to make sure the heart beats in a regular rythm
42
Q

what is the equation for respiration

A

respiration = oxyge + glucose = carbon dioxide + water

43
Q

what happens when you inhale

A
  1. the diaphram contracts and moves down
  2. rib cage moves up and out
  3. volume in the chest increases
  4. pressure in the chest decreases
  5. air rushes into the lungs
44
Q

what happens when you exhale

A
  1. he diaphram relaxes and moves up
  2. the ribcage moves down in
  3. volume decreases in the chest
  4. pressure in the chest increases
  5. air rushes out of the lungs

Year 11 Biology GCSE (11 decks)

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