B11 - Hormonal Control

Question 1

what are the different glands in the body

Answer 1

• pituitary gland
• thyriod gland
• ovary
• testies
• adrenal gland
• pancreas

Question 2

what is the endocrine system made of

Answer 2

composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blodstream

Question 3

what does the blood stream carry

Answer 3

carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect

Question 4

what is the pituitary gland

Answer 4

called master gland because it releases hormones that acto on other glands to stimulate the release of other hormones

Question 5

how is blood glucose controlled

Answer 5

monitored and controlled by the pancreas

Question 6

what happens when blood glucose gets too high

Answer 6

pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into cells, decreasing the blood glucose level

Question 7

what is converted into glucose for storage

Answer 7

liver and muscle cells, excess glucose is ocnvertied into glycogen for storage

Question 8

what happens if your blood glucose is too low

Answer 8

pacreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood, increasing the blood glucose level

Question 9

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 9

a disorder in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, it is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections

Question 10

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 10

the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas, a carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are comon treatments, obesiety is a risk factor

Question 11

differences between type 1 and 2 diabetes

Answer 11

1. dosent make insulin, treatment is insulin injections
2. body becomes resistant to insulin and dosent respond, treatment is controlled diets and exercise

Question 12

what is negative feedback

Answer 12

thryoxine and adrenaline

Question 13

how is adrenaline produced

Answer 13

by adrenal glands in times of fear and stress

Question 14

what does adrenaline do

Answer 14

increases heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for “flight or fight”

Question 15

what does thyroxine do

Answer 15

thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate, it plays an important role in growth and development

Question 16

how is thyroxine controlled

Answer 16

thyroxine levels are controlled by negative feedback

Question 17

what is negative feedback

Answer 17

the action taken by the body to return something to a normal

Question 18

what do sex hormones trigger

Answer 18

the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

Question 19

what is testosterone

Answer 19

produced in the testies
- the main male reproductive hormone and it stimulates sperm production

Question 20

what is oestrogen

Answer 20

produced in the ovaries
- the main female reproductive hormone and it is involved in the menstrual cycle

Question 21

what is ovulation

Answer 21

at puberty eggs mature and one is released approixmatley every 28 days as part of the menstrual cycle

Question 22

what are the four hormones in the menstrual cycle

Answer 22

1. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - causes maturation of an egg in the ovary
2. luteinsing hormone (LH) - stimulates the release of eggs
3. oestrogen and progesterone - are involved in maintaining the uterus lining

Question 23

what are the different types of contrceptions

Answer 23

1. oral contreceptives - contains hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature
2. injections, implants or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years
3. barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg
4. Intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone
5. Spermicidial agents which kill or disable sperm
6. Abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct
7. surgical methods of male and female sterilisation

Question 24

what are advantages and disadvantages of oral contraceptives

Answer 24

ad:
- prevent pregnancy
- reduce risk of ovariam cancer

dis:
- risk of cardiovasular disease

Question 25

what are advantages and disadvantages of injections, implants or skin patches

Answer 25

ad:
- easy to fit and remove
- long lasting

dis:
- changes to menstrual cycle
- dosent protect against STI and HIV

Question 26

what are advantages and disadvantages of barrier methods

Answer 26

ad:
- easy to use
- reduce risk of sexually transmitted infections

dis:
- forwards planning is required

Question 27

what are advantages and disadvantages of intrauterine devices

Answer 27

dis:
- not effective against sexallly tramsitted diseases

ad:
- very affective in preventing pregnancy

Question 28

how can you control fertility

Answer 28

hormonal and non-hormonal methods

Question 29

how can you treat infertility

Answer 29

hormones

Question 30

what drugs caan be given to woman as a fertility drug, so that she can become pregnant in a normal way

Answer 30

FSH and LH

Question 31

what is the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Answer 31

1. woman gets FSH and LH to stimulate to maturation of several eggs
2. the eggs are collected and fertilized by sperm from the father in the labotary
3. the fertilized eggs develop into embryos
4. at the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mothers uterus

Question 32

what are the social and ethical issues associated with IVF treatments

Answer 32

ethical
- the quality of consent obtained from the parties.
- the motivation of the parents.
- the uses and implications of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.
- the permissibility of sex-selection (or the choice of embryos for other traits

social:
- violence, divorce, social stigma, emotional stress, depression, anxiety and low self-esteem