B11 - Hormonal Control Flashcards
what are the different glands in the body
- pituitary gland
- thyriod gland
- ovary
- testies
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
what is the endocrine system made of
composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blodstream
what does the blood stream carry
carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect
what is the pituitary gland
called master gland because it releases hormones that acto on other glands to stimulate the release of other hormones
how is blood glucose controlled
monitored and controlled by the pancreas
what happens when blood glucose gets too high
pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into cells, decreasing the blood glucose level
what is converted into glucose for storage
liver and muscle cells, excess glucose is ocnvertied into glycogen for storage
what happens if your blood glucose is too low
pacreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood, increasing the blood glucose level
what is type 1 diabetes
a disorder in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, it is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections
what is type 2 diabetes
the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas, a carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are comon treatments, obesiety is a risk factor
differences between type 1 and 2 diabetes
- dosent make insulin, treatment is insulin injections
- body becomes resistant to insulin and dosent respond, treatment is controlled diets and exercise
what is negative feedback
thryoxine and adrenaline
how is adrenaline produced
by adrenal glands in times of fear and stress
what does adrenaline do
increases heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for “flight or fight”
what does thyroxine do
thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate, it plays an important role in growth and development
how is thyroxine controlled
thyroxine levels are controlled by negative feedback
what is negative feedback
the action taken by the body to return something to a normal
what do sex hormones trigger
the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
what is testosterone
produced in the testies
- the main male reproductive hormone and it stimulates sperm production
what is oestrogen
produced in the ovaries
- the main female reproductive hormone and it is involved in the menstrual cycle
what is ovulation
at puberty eggs mature and one is released approixmatley every 28 days as part of the menstrual cycle
what are the four hormones in the menstrual cycle
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - causes maturation of an egg in the ovary
- luteinsing hormone (LH) - stimulates the release of eggs
- oestrogen and progesterone - are involved in maintaining the uterus lining
what are the different types of contrceptions
- oral contreceptives - contains hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature
- injections, implants or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years
- barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg
- Intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone
- Spermicidial agents which kill or disable sperm
- Abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct
- surgical methods of male and female sterilisation
what are advantages and disadvantages of oral contraceptives
ad:
- prevent pregnancy
- reduce risk of ovariam cancer
dis:
- risk of cardiovasular disease
what are advantages and disadvantages of injections, implants or skin patches
ad:
- easy to fit and remove
- long lasting
dis:
- changes to menstrual cycle
- dosent protect against STI and HIV
what are advantages and disadvantages of barrier methods
ad:
- easy to use
- reduce risk of sexually transmitted infections
dis:
- forwards planning is required
what are advantages and disadvantages of intrauterine devices
dis:
- not effective against sexallly tramsitted diseases
ad:
- very affective in preventing pregnancy
how can you control fertility
hormonal and non-hormonal methods
how can you treat infertility
hormones
what drugs caan be given to woman as a fertility drug, so that she can become pregnant in a normal way
FSH and LH
what is the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
- woman gets FSH and LH to stimulate to maturation of several eggs
- the eggs are collected and fertilized by sperm from the father in the labotary
- the fertilized eggs develop into embryos
- at the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mothers uterus
what are the social and ethical issues associated with IVF treatments
ethical
- the quality of consent obtained from the parties.
- the motivation of the parents.
- the uses and implications of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.
- the permissibility of sex-selection (or the choice of embryos for other traits
social:
- violence, divorce, social stigma, emotional stress, depression, anxiety and low self-esteem
