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Biology > B3.1 The nervous system > Flashcards

B3.1 The nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

detect + respond to changes in environment

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2
Q

what is the nervous system needed for?

A

move, communicate, control internal processes + carry out higher order functions like memory + thinking

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3
Q

what are neurones?

A

Specialised nerve cells which transmit electrical impulses around the nervous system

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4
Q

What does the CNS contain?

A

Central nervous system - brain + spine

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5
Q

How is the CNS linked to the rest of the body?

A

by neurones of the PNS (peripheral nervous system)

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6
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

a change in the environment

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7
Q

What do receptors do?

A

detect the stimulus

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8
Q

what dies the CNS do?

A

co-ordinates how and where impulses are transmitted next

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9
Q

What are the effectors?

A

muscles or glands

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10
Q

What is the response?

A

a reaction to stimulus carried out by the effector

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11
Q

5 main stages leading to a nervous response?

A

Stimulus –> Receptors –> CNS –> Effectors –> Response

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12
Q

Draw a sensory neurone

A
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13
Q

what are reflexes?

A

involuntary responses that occur without conscious thought - don’t have control over these responses

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14
Q

are reflexes fast?

A

very fast - 0.2 seconds - need to be fast to protect us from harm

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15
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

pathway taken by the impulse during a reflex action

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16
Q

describe the reflex arc when you tough something hot

A
  1. Stimulus - touching hot pan
  2. Receptor - temp receptors in skin
  3. Sensory neurone
  4. Spinal cord
  5. motor neurone
  6. Effector - bicep muscle contracts
  7. Response - hand pulled away
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17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

the gap between 2 neurones

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18
Q

What happens in the synapse?

A
  • elec impulses cant travel through
  • chemicals (neurotransmitters) diffuse across the gap - diffusion across a synapse is sower than transmission of a nerve impulse along a neurone
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19
Q

what is the iris responsible?

A

controlling size of pupil + therefore amount of light falling on retina

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20
Q

where does light pass in the eye?

A

refracted by cornea and then through pupil to retina

  • too much light = damage to light sensitive cells on retina
  • too little light = not enough stimulus to cells
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21
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair in the iris?

A

circular + radial

- bright light = smaller pupil - circular contracted, radial relaxed - lets less light in

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22
Q

lens power (in eye) =

A

1 / focal length (m)

23
Q

what does the cerebrum do?

A

controls complex higher level functions - learning, memory, behaviour, conscious thought - lobes coordinates diff sensory + motor info

24
Q

what does the cerebellum do? (little brain!)

A

controls posture + balance - coordinates learned + fine movements

25
Q

what does the medulla do?

A

contains control centres for automatic processes - e.g. HR + breathing

26
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates body temp + water balance (homeostasis)

27
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

stores + releases important hormones

28
Q

what does the corpus callosum do?

A

connects cerebral hemispheres to allow left + right brain to communicate

29
Q

Imaging techniques - CT & MRI

A
  • CT - computed tomography
  • MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
  • provide real times images throughout brain
30
Q

CT scans

A

uses x-rays to create 3d images of inside brain + detect abnormalities
- cant be done regularly - x-rays increase cancer risk

31
Q

MRI scans

A

use powerful magnets to identify abnormalities

- can identify areas of brain which are active during specific activities

32
Q

limitations of investigating brain function

A
  • same area could be used for multiple functions
  • often many areas of brain are involved in a specific function
  • ethical issues - testing
  • patients must give consent for medical info to be shared
  • getting large enough sample of case studies to draw reliable conclusions
33
Q

label a motor neurone

A
34
Q

label a relay neurone

A
35
Q

label a sensory neurone

A
36
Q

draw a motor neurone

A
37
Q

draw a relay neurone

A
38
Q

label a picture of the eye

A
39
Q

label a picture of the brain

A
40
Q

`when focusing on near objects does the light need to be refracted more or less?

A

more

41
Q

what is accommodation in the eye?

A

Ability to change focal length of the lens by changing the curvature of the eye lens

42
Q

accommodation - distant object

A

ciliary muscle relaxed
suspensory ligament tight
lens pulled thin

43
Q

accommodation - near object

A

ciliary muscle contracts
suspensory ligament slackens
lens allowed to thicken

44
Q

Short sightedness - CAN see short

A
  • eye cant focus on distant object
  • incorrect image forms in front of retina
  • because eyeball is too long OR lens is too powerful
  • ciliary muscles cant make lens thin enough to focus
45
Q

How do you correct short sightedness?

A

concave lens - bend light out before enter the eye

46
Q

Long sightedness - CAN see long

A
  • eye cant focus on nearby objects
  • incorrect image is formed behind retina
  • eye lens cant thicken enough to focus on image on retina
  • caused by lens being too weak / eyeball being too short
47
Q

How do you correct long sightedness?

A

convex lens - bends light rays inwards before they enter the eye

48
Q

what are the two types of receptor cells in the eye?

A

rods and cones

49
Q

what do rods do?

A

respond to different light intensities - more sensitive to light than cones - help give good vision in low light

50
Q

what do cones do?

A

respond to different colours (wavelengths of light) - work best in relatively bright light

51
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

motor and sensory neurones

52
Q

damage to PNS neurones result in what?

A
  • inability / reduced ability to detect pain
  • lack of ‘feeling’ - numbness
  • loss coordination of actions
53
Q

damage to the CNS result in what?

A

more severe

  • loss of control of body systems
  • partial or complete paralysis
  • memory loss
  • processing difficulties
54
Q

treating the PNS

A
  • PNS neurones have some ability to repair themselves - damaged neurones often regenerate from the cell body end of neurone forming new axons
  • slow process - symptoms gradually fade overtime
  • severe cases - use nervous tissue skin grafts

Biology (12 decks)

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