B3 - Transporting Materials Flashcards
What are the three parts of the blood circulation system?
- Blood vessels (pipes)
- The heart (pump)
- Blood (liquid)
What do each of the two circulations of blood do?
- Carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
- Carry blood around the rest of the body.
Why is a double circulation system efficient?
More areas of the blood can receive oxygenated blood quickly.
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What carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What returns blood to the heart?
Veins
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What supplies the heart muscles with oxygen?
Coronary arteries
How many chambers does the heart have?
Four
What are the two types of chamber in the heart?
Atria and ventricles
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What is the vena cava?
The vein that brings deoxygenated blood to the heart.
What part of the heart does the vena cava link to?
Right atrium
What is the pulmonary vein?
The vein that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs.
How is blood moved from the atria to the ventricles?
The atria contract which forces blood down.
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How is blood stopped from going back into the atria?
The atrioventricular valves close when the ventricles contract.
What are the two atrioventricular valves?
- Tricuspid on the right.
- Bicuspid on the left.
How is blood stopped from re-entering the ventricles?
Semi-lunar valves close.
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What is the aorta?
An artery which takes blood around the body.
Why is the muscular heart wall thicker on the left?
So it can pump at a higher pressure allowing the blood to go around the body.
What are capillaries for?
They enable substances to diffuse easily into and out of cells.
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Describe the structure of an artery.
- Thick walls
- Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres.
- Small lumen.
Describe the structure of a vein.
- Thin walls
- Valves inside.
- Large lumen
Describe the structure of a capillary.
- Walls a single cell thick.
- Narrow lumen.
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What happens to the blood pressure as it flows through capillaries?
It slows.
Why does the blood pressure change when passing through capillaries?
To allow for exchange of materials.
What happens to coronary arteries with age?
- They can become narrow.
- They get narrower as fatty deposits form.
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What is a stent?
-A metal mesh which is placed in an artery.
How is a stent inserted?
- The stent and balloon are pushed up an artery.
- The balloon is inflated with the stent.
- The balloon is removed so the blood can flow freely.
What is bypass surgery?
Narrow or blocked arteries are replaced with bits of vein from other parts of the body.
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Give two advantages of mechanical heart valves.
- They are long lasting.
- They are very effective.
Give a disadvantage of mechanical heart valves.
-The patient has to take anticoagulant drugs for the rest of their life.
Give an advantage of biological heart valves.
-The patient doesn’t need to take medicine.
Give a disadvantage of biological heart valves.
- They only last 15 years.
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What is blood made up of?
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
Give five examples of what the blood carries.
- Oxygen to the cells.
- Carbon dioxide to the lungs.
- Urea to the kidneys.
- Products of digestion to organs.
- Platelets to wounds that need clotting.
Give three ways in which red blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen around the body.
- They are biconcave giving them a larger surface area.
- They contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen.
- They have no nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin.
What is haemoglobin?
A red pigment that can carry oxygen.
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How does haemoglobin carry oxygen?
- Haemoglobin and oxygen react to form oxyhaemoglobin.
- They then reseparate later.
How do platelets help with clotting?
- They produce protein threads.
- The threads capture reed blood cells and platelets to form a jelly-like clot.
- the clot dries to form a scab.
Why is plasma used in emergencies to replace blood?
- It maintains blood pressure.
- Plasma can carry some oxygen.
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Why is saline used in emergencies to replace blood?
-It maintains blood pressure.
What are perfluorocarbons?
A more sophisticated form of artificial blood.
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Give four advantages of using PFCs.
- They are very non-reactive.
- Oxygen dissolve readily.
- PFCs can carry oxygen to swollen tissues.
- They can be kept a long time without carrying disease.
Give four disadvantages of using PFCs.
- They are difficult to get into the blood because they don’t dissolve in water.
- They don’t carry as much oxygen as blood.
- PFCs break down easily.
- They cause sever side effects.
Give two ways haemoglobin can be made artificially.
- Synthetic production.
- Genetically engineered bacteria.
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How long does artificial blood last?
20-30 hours
What are the three main problems of artificial blood?
- It is broken down very quickly.
- It doesn’t clot.
- It doesn’t fight disease.
Give three advantages of artificial hearts.
- There is no wait for a donor.
- There is no need to match tissue.
- There is no need for immunosuppresant drugs.
Give four disadvantages of artificial hearts.
- The machinery takes up a lot of space.
- They can cause problems with blood clotting.
- Patients often have to stay in hospital.
- They are expensive to install.
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What substances are transported in a plant?
- Water
- Mineral ions
- Dissolved sugars
What do phloem do in a plant?
-Transport sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Where are sugars transported to in a plant?
- Growing areas
- Storage organs
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How do greenflies and other aphids kill plants?
- They stick their sharp mouth parts into the plants to feed on the sugar.
- Too many aphids at once uses all of the plant’s food.
What do xylem do in a plant?
- Transports water and mineral ions around the plant.
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In a tree, where are the phloem and xylem found?
- The phloem is just beneath the bark.
- The xylem makes up the bulk of the wood.
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