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GCSE Biology > B3 - Transporting Materials > Flashcards

B3 - Transporting Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three parts of the blood circulation system?

A
  • Blood vessels (pipes)
  • The heart (pump)
  • Blood (liquid)
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2
Q

What do each of the two circulations of blood do?

A
  • Carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

- Carry blood around the rest of the body.

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3
Q

Why is a double circulation system efficient?

A

More areas of the blood can receive oxygenated blood quickly.

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4
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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5
Q

What returns blood to the heart?

A

Veins

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6
Q

What supplies the heart muscles with oxygen?

A

Coronary arteries

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7
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

Four

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8
Q

What are the two types of chamber in the heart?

A

Atria and ventricles

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9
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The vein that brings deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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10
Q

What part of the heart does the vena cava link to?

A

Right atrium

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11
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

The vein that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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12
Q

How is blood moved from the atria to the ventricles?

A

The atria contract which forces blood down.

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13
Q

How is blood stopped from going back into the atria?

A

The atrioventricular valves close when the ventricles contract.

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14
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Tricuspid on the right.

- Bicuspid on the left.

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15
Q

How is blood stopped from re-entering the ventricles?

A

Semi-lunar valves close.

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16
Q

What is the aorta?

A

An artery which takes blood around the body.

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17
Q

Why is the muscular heart wall thicker on the left?

A

So it can pump at a higher pressure allowing the blood to go around the body.

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18
Q

What are capillaries for?

A

They enable substances to diffuse easily into and out of cells.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of an artery.

A
  • Thick walls
  • Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres.
  • Small lumen.
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20
Q

Describe the structure of a vein.

A
  • Thin walls
  • Valves inside.
  • Large lumen
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21
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary.

A
  • Walls a single cell thick.
  • Narrow lumen.

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22
Q

What happens to the blood pressure as it flows through capillaries?

A

It slows.

23
Q

Why does the blood pressure change when passing through capillaries?

A

To allow for exchange of materials.

24
Q

What happens to coronary arteries with age?

A
  • They can become narrow.
  • They get narrower as fatty deposits form.

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25
Q

What is a stent?

A

-A metal mesh which is placed in an artery.

26
Q

How is a stent inserted?

A
  • The stent and balloon are pushed up an artery.
  • The balloon is inflated with the stent.
  • The balloon is removed so the blood can flow freely.
27
Q

What is bypass surgery?

A

Narrow or blocked arteries are replaced with bits of vein from other parts of the body.

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28
Q

Give two advantages of mechanical heart valves.

A
  • They are long lasting.

- They are very effective.

29
Q

Give a disadvantage of mechanical heart valves.

A

-The patient has to take anticoagulant drugs for the rest of their life.

30
Q

Give an advantage of biological heart valves.

A

-The patient doesn’t need to take medicine.

31
Q

Give a disadvantage of biological heart valves.

A
  • They only last 15 years.

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32
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
33
Q

Give five examples of what the blood carries.

A
  • Oxygen to the cells.
  • Carbon dioxide to the lungs.
  • Urea to the kidneys.
  • Products of digestion to organs.
  • Platelets to wounds that need clotting.
34
Q

Give three ways in which red blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen around the body.

A
  • They are biconcave giving them a larger surface area.
  • They contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen.
  • They have no nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin.
35
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A red pigment that can carry oxygen.

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36
Q

How does haemoglobin carry oxygen?

A
  • Haemoglobin and oxygen react to form oxyhaemoglobin.

- They then reseparate later.

37
Q

How do platelets help with clotting?

A
  • They produce protein threads.
  • The threads capture reed blood cells and platelets to form a jelly-like clot.
  • the clot dries to form a scab.
38
Q

Why is plasma used in emergencies to replace blood?

A
  • It maintains blood pressure.
  • Plasma can carry some oxygen.

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39
Q

Why is saline used in emergencies to replace blood?

A

-It maintains blood pressure.

40
Q

What are perfluorocarbons?

A

A more sophisticated form of artificial blood.

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41
Q

Give four advantages of using PFCs.

A
  • They are very non-reactive.
  • Oxygen dissolve readily.
  • PFCs can carry oxygen to swollen tissues.
  • They can be kept a long time without carrying disease.
42
Q

Give four disadvantages of using PFCs.

A
  • They are difficult to get into the blood because they don’t dissolve in water.
  • They don’t carry as much oxygen as blood.
  • PFCs break down easily.
  • They cause sever side effects.
43
Q

Give two ways haemoglobin can be made artificially.

A
  • Synthetic production.
  • Genetically engineered bacteria.

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44
Q

How long does artificial blood last?

A

20-30 hours

45
Q

What are the three main problems of artificial blood?

A
  • It is broken down very quickly.
  • It doesn’t clot.
  • It doesn’t fight disease.
46
Q

Give three advantages of artificial hearts.

A
  • There is no wait for a donor.
  • There is no need to match tissue.
  • There is no need for immunosuppresant drugs.
47
Q

Give four disadvantages of artificial hearts.

A
  • The machinery takes up a lot of space.
  • They can cause problems with blood clotting.
  • Patients often have to stay in hospital.
  • They are expensive to install.

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48
Q

What substances are transported in a plant?

A
  • Water
  • Mineral ions
  • Dissolved sugars
49
Q

What do phloem do in a plant?

A

-Transport sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

50
Q

Where are sugars transported to in a plant?

A
  • Growing areas
  • Storage organs

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51
Q

How do greenflies and other aphids kill plants?

A
  • They stick their sharp mouth parts into the plants to feed on the sugar.
  • Too many aphids at once uses all of the plant’s food.
52
Q

What do xylem do in a plant?

A
  • Transports water and mineral ions around the plant.

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53
Q

In a tree, where are the phloem and xylem found?

A
  • The phloem is just beneath the bark.

- The xylem makes up the bulk of the wood.

54
Q

Since you’ve been using these flashcards for free, please consider making a small donation for the hundreds of hours it took to make them.

A

http://bit.ly/21T6H3W

Thank you and good luck!

GCSE Biology (22 decks)

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