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GCSE Biology > B2.5 - Simple Inheritance > Flashcards

B2.5 - Simple Inheritance Flashcards

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0
Q

How are chromosomes arranged in body cells?

A

Chromosomes are found as pairs.

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1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division into two identical daughter cells.

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2
Q

Why do new cells need identical genetic information?

A

So the new cells can do the same the job.

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3
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

To allow growth and the replacement of old and damaged cells.

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4
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of the same gene.

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5
Q

How does mitosis take place?

A
  • A cell produces copies of the chromosomes.

- The cell divides to form two genetically identical cells.

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6
Q

Why is cell division restricted in adults?

A

Most adult cells differentiation has already occurred.

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7
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Unspecialised cells.

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8
Q

How do plant cells differentiate?

A
  • Cells don’t differentiate until in their final position.
  • Differentiation isn’t permanent.
  • The cell can become a different cell easily.
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9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division where the chromosome number is halved.

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10
Q

Why is it easy to clone plants?

A
  • In the right conditions, a plant cell will become unspecialised.
  • The cells undergo mitosis.
  • The cells differentiate to form a new plant.

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11
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes

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12
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A
  • The chromosomes are copied.
  • The cell divides in two then immediately divide again.
  • Four sex cells are produced with a single set of chromosomes.
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13
Q

Why is there variation from meiosis?

A

Each gamete has different genetic information. When the gametes fuse, variation is caused by the alleles.

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14
Q

Give an example of how stem cells can be used to treat illness.

A

Nerve cells can be injected into the spine to partially cure paralysis.

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15
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells

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16
Q

Give three issues with using stem cells.

A
  • Embryonic stem cells come from aborted embryos.
  • Embryonic stem cells might cause cancer.
  • Making stem cells is difficult and expensive.
17
Q

How did Mendel first discover inheritance?

A

He conducted breeding experiments with peas.

18
Q

How could therapeutic cloning be used in healthcare?

A

A patient’s stem cells could be used to grow a genetically identical organ that could replaced a damaged organ.

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19
Q

What are strands of DNA made of?

A

Four different chemical bases grouped in threes which each code for an amino acid.

20
Q

What are DNA fingerprints?

A

Identifying unique patterns of DNA.

21
Q

What does a gene do chemically?

A

Codes for a combination of amino acids.

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22
Q

How is sex determined in humans?

A

The sex chromosomes determine.
XX is female
XY is male

23
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that controls development of a characteristic when there is only one.

24
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that only controls a characteristic if present in both chromosomes.

25
Q

What is homozygous?

A

An individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic.

26
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an individual regarding a particular characteristic.

27
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

An individual with different alleles for a characteristic.

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28
Q

Why is a phenotype?

A

The physical appearance of an individual regarding a particular characteristic.

29
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Extra fingers or toes

30
Q

What is a genetic disorder?

A

Diseases that are the result of a problem in the genes that are passed on from parent to child.

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31
Q

What causes polydactyly?

A

A dominant allele

32
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

An inherited condition when organs become clogged by thick mucus.

33
Q

What are the chances of getting polydactyly?

A
  • A parent with polydactyly and heterozygous gives 50% chance of the baby inheriting the disease.
  • A parent with polydactyly and homozygous gives 100% chance.

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34
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

A recessive allele.

35
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A person not affected by the disease by has the allele for the condition.

36
Q

What is the relationship of parent’s alleles with the child’s phenotype?

A

The inheritance is random.

37
Q

What does a genetic diagram show?

A
  • the alleles for a characteristic carried by the parents.
  • the possible gametes that could be formed.
  • how the genotype could affect the phenotype of the offspring.

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38
Q

Give five arguments in favour of embryonic stem cells being used in medicine.

A
  • Stem cells offer the best chance of finding treatment.
  • The embryos would be thrown away anyway.
  • Embryos are created from adult cells so wouldn’t become babies.
  • It may be possible to use the umbilical cord so no embryos are destroyed.
  • Stem cells could be used to grow new tissues.
39
Q

Give four arguments against the use of embryonic stem cells in medicine.

A
  • treatments are experimental so may cause further problems.
  • all embryos have the potential to become babies.
  • embryos cannot give permission to be used in experiments.
  • money and research could be spent developing drugs.
41
Q

Give three advantages of genetic screening.

A
  • people can decide whether or not to have any children.
  • parents can decide whether to keep a baby with a disease.
  • the parents can be sure the embryo is healthy before being implanted in the mother.

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42
Q

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A

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GCSE Biology (22 decks)

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