B1 - Variation, Reproduction & New Technology

Question 0

How do parents pass on genetic information to their offspring?

Answer 0

They pass on genetic information in the sex cells.

Question 1

What are gametes?

Answer 1

Sex cells

Question 2

What are chromosomes?

Answer 2

Thread like structure made up of DNA that carry genes.

Question 3

In which part of a cell is the genetic information found?

Answer 3

In the nucleus.

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Question 4

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 4

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 5

What is the shape of the DNA molecule?

Answer 5

A double helix

Question 6

What is a gene?

Answer 6

A sequence of nucleic acids in the DNA.

Question 7

How many chromosomes does a normal human have and where from?

Answer 7

Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Half from the mother, half from the father.

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Question 8

What is the purpose of a gene?

Answer 8

Genes work at the level of the molecules in the body to control the development of characteristics by controlling different enzymes and proteins.

Question 9

Why does asexual reproduction result in genetically identical offspring?

Answer 9

There is no joining of gametes and one parent meaning there is no variety.

Question 10

What is a clone?

Answer 10

Genetically identical offspring of asexual reproduction.

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Question 11

What types of organisms reproduce asexually?

Answer 11

• Small animals
• Plants
• Bacteria

Question 12

How does sexual reproduction produce variety?

Answer 12

Male and female gametes join so the mixture of genetic information in the parents leads to variety.

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Question 13

Why is genetic variety important?

Answer 13

Variety makes it more likely that the offspring will survive difficult conditions.

Question 14

How are plants cloned?

Answer 14

Taking cuttings of mature plants.

Question 15

What can change the characteristics of a person?

Answer 15

• Environment
• Genetics
• combination

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Question 16

How is embryo cloning undertaken in cows?

Answer 16

• A top-quality cow is given fertility hormones in order to produce lots of eggs.
• The eggs are fertilised using the sperm of a decent bull.
• After growing, the embryo is removed from the womb and divided into several individual cells.
• The cells grow into identical embryos then are transferred to the host mothers.
• The mothers have been given pregnancy hormones so then the identical cloned calves are born.

Question 17

How are plants cloned using tissue culture?

Answer 17

A mixture of plant hormones is used to make a small group of cells from the desired plant.

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Question 18

Give an advantage of embryo cloning.

Answer 18

The cow can produce more calves than by natural means.

Question 19

How is adult cell cloning done?

Answer 19

• The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg.
• The nucleus is also taken from an adult body cell of another animal.
• The nucleus from the adult cell is transferred into the empty egg cell.
• A small electric shock causes the egg cell to begin to divide and starts embryo development.
• The embryo is placed in the womb of a third animal to develop.
• The animal born is genetically identical to the nucleus donor.

Question 20

Give three disadvantages of adult cell cloning.

Answer 20

• People may abuse the technology to make cloned of themselves.
• Cloning produces genetically identical organisms, reducing variety. If there is a change in the environment, all of the animals will die because none of them contain the useful characteristic.

Question 21

Give two advantages of adult cell cloning.

Answer 21

• Animals that have been genetically engineered to produce useful proteins in their milk can be cloned.
• Animals could be saved from extinction or bring back extinct species.

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Question 22

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 22

Changing the genetic material of an organism.

Question 23

Explain how insulin is made using genetic engineering.

Answer 23

• Human cells are taken that contain the insulin producing genes.
• The insulin gene is “cut out” of the DNA using an enzyme.
• A plasmid is removed from a bacterium and split using an enzyme.
• The insulin gene is inserted into the plasmid using another enzyme.
• The plasmid with the insulin gene is taken by the bacterium.
• The bacterium multiplies many times therefore mass producing insulin.

Question 24

How are genes transferred from one organism to another?

Answer 24

Genes from a chromosome are “cut out” using enzymes and inserted to the cells of bacteria and other organisms.

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Question 25

Give six advantages of genetic engineering.

Answer 25

• Specific proteins can be made.
• Exact amounts can be produced.
• The protein is very pure.
• Crops can be adapted making hunger less of an issue.
• The yield of GM food is generally greater.
• Plants can produce their own pesticide.

Question 26

Give an example of how animal genes can be transferred interspecies to assist in farming.

Answer 26

Glowing genes from a jelly fish have been used to produce crop plants that glow when being attacked by insects.

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Question 28

How can genetic engineering be beneficial for people with genetic diseases?

Answer 28

The affected cells can have healthy genes inserted.

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Question 29

Give three disadvantages of genetic engineering.

Answer 29

• Nobody knows the long term effects.
• GM crops are made infertile meaning farmers have to buy more seed every year.
• People may want to manipulate the genes of their children.

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