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GCSE Biology > B1 - Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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0
Q

Give two reasons why some people can eat more food than other without damaging their health.

A
  • People need different amounts of energy.
  • Metabolic rates vary in each person.

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1
Q

What does a healthy diet contain?

A

Everything needed to keep the body healthy.

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2
Q

How does exercise effect the amount of energy the body needs?

A

The more exercise the body does, the more energy it needs.

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3
Q

What does the body use carbohydrates, fats and proteins for?

A

Release the energy needed to live and build new cells.

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4
Q

What are the seven groups of a balanced diet?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water.

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5
Q

Give five factors that effect the amount of energy the body requires.

A
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Amount of exercise
  • Pregnancy
  • Climate
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6
Q

Define malnutrition

A

Caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.

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7
Q

Define metabolic rate.

A

The rate of chemical reactions in cells.

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8
Q

What happens if the body receives too much energy?

A

The excess energy is stored as fat.

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9
Q

Give four health problems that obesity can cause.

A
  • Arthritis
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • Heart pressure
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10
Q

Give two examples of inherited factors that can affect your health?

A

Metabolic rate and cholesterol level.

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11
Q

Give three ways of losing weight.

A
  • Reduce energy intake.
  • Increase energy use by doing exercise.
  • Combination of the above.

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12
Q

How can you maintain the correct balance of cholesterol?

A

Eat a balanced diet.

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13
Q

Give three reasons why people who exercise are generally healthier than those that don’t.

A

You are less likely to be overweight.

You have more muscle tissue which increases the metabolic rate. Exercise lowers blood cholesterol levels.

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14
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing microbes.

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15
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

Bacteria can produce toxins which make you feel ill.

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16
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Viruses damage cells as they reproduce.

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17
Q

Give three common symptoms of disease.

A

High temperature, headaches, rashes

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18
Q

How did it Ignaz Semmelweis change the way we look at disease?

A

He recognised the importance of hand washing in preventing the spread of disease.

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19
Q

What is droplet infection?

A

Coughing, sneezing or talking expels tiny droplets full of pathogens from the breathing system.

20
Q

What is direct contact infection?

A

Some diseases are spread by direct contact with the skin such as STIs

21
Q

How does the skin act as a barrier?

A

It prevents bacteria and viruses from reaching the tissues that can be infected. If the skin’s cut, clotting will take place to repair the damaged area and a scab will form stopping pathogens getting in through the wound.

22
Q

Give four ways that a pathogen can enter your body.

A

Droplet infection, direct contact, contaminated food and drink or through a break in your skin.

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23
Q

Give the two types of white blood cells.

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes.

24
Q

How do lymphocytes act to protect the body against pathogens?

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies by reading the pathogen’s antigen. The antibody triggers the phagocytes to act against the pathogen.

25
Q

How does the breathing system prevent the entrance of pathogens?

A

Mucus covers the lining of the lungs and tubes trapping pathogens. The mucus is then moved out of the body or into the gut where the acid destroys the microbes.

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26
Q

How do phagocytes act to protect the body against pathogens?

A

Phagocytes engulf the microbe and digest them.

27
Q

How do some white blood cells stop you feeling ill?

A

Producing antitoxins cancels out the toxins released by pathogens.

28
Q

Why can antibiotics not be used against viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce inside cells making it difficult to develop drugs that can destroy viruses without damaging the cells.

29
Q

What is a medicine?

A

Medicines usually don’t act against the pathogen but instead make the person feel better.

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30
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They damage the bacterial cells without harming the body cells.

31
Q

How is it possible to produce an uncontaminated culture of bacteria?

A

Using sterilised Petri dishes, agar, inoculating loop and sealing the lid, leave the culture at 25*

32
Q

Why do schools not incubate bacteria at more than 25*C?

A

To reduce the risk of harmful pathogens growing.

33
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Resistance to a specific type of antibiotic as a result of natural selection.

34
Q

How can antibiotic resistance be prevented?

A

Not overusing antibiotics.

35
Q

Why is mutation in bacteria and viruses a problem?

A

New strains of disease can spread rapidly and vaccinations may not be effective against the new strain.

36
Q

How can the spread of resistant pathogens be reduced?

A

Only using antibiotics when needed, specific antibiotics for specific bacteria, hand washing, isolation of patients with antibiotic resistant bacteria, clean hospitals.

37
Q

Give three examples of how vaccines are made.

A
  • Through the use of dead pathogens.
  • Through the use of inactive pathogens.
  • Using a pathogen’s antigen
38
Q

How does the immune system work?

A

White blood cells produce antibodies to destroy pathogens your body can then respond rapidly to future infections by the same pathogen making the body immune to the disease

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39
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A distinct chemical on a microorganism allowing the immune system to distinguish between them.

40
Q

How does having a disease make your immune?

A

Your immune system “remembers” the antigen of the microbe meaning the same antibody can be made quicker.

41
Q

Give an example of a vaccine.

A

MMR which protects against measles, mumps and rubella

42
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

By giving the body dead or an active pathogens the white blood cells develop the right antibodies against the pathogen without getting ill?

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44
Q

Give two examples in which vaccines have been brought into disrepute.

A

The whooping cough vaccine and the MMR vaccine.

45
Q

Since you’ve been using these flashcards for free, please consider making a small donation for the hundreds of hours it took to make them.

A

http://bit.ly/21T6H3W

Thank you and good luck!

GCSE Biology (22 decks)

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