B2.1 - Cells, Tissues & Organs Flashcards
What are the five main structures of an animal cell?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
What is the purpose of the nucleus?
It controls all the activity of the cell and contains all of the genetic material.
What is the purpose of the cytoplasm?
A liquid gel in which most necessary reactions take place.
What reaction take place in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
What is the purpose of the mitochondria?
They carry out aerobic respiration and produce ATP.
What are ribosomes?
The structure in which protein synthesis takes place.
What are the three main features found in plant and algal cells that aren’t in animal cells?
- Cell wall
- Chloropasts
- Permanent vacuole
What is the purpose of a cell wall?
The strengthen and support the shape of a cell.
What do chloroplasts contain?
Chlorophyll
What is the purpose of chlorophyll?
It absorbs light energy for use in photosynthesis.
What type of cells don’t contain chloroplasts?
Root cells because they don’t photosynthesise.
What are the main features of a bacterial cell?
Slime capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, cytoplasm, genetic material (no nucleus), plasmids.
What is a plasmid?
A circular piece of DNA.
What is the purpose of flagella?
They allow the bacteria to move.
What does yeast produce from anaerobic respiration?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What is anaerobic respiration in yeast known as?
Fermentation
What are the main structures of a yeast cell?
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
What are specialised cells?
Cells that develop to carry out a particular function.
What are the three main adaptations of fat cells?
- Small amount of cytoplasm and large amount of fat.
- Few mitochondria since very little energy is needed.
- Ability to expand 1000x.
What is the purpose of a cone cell?
Give humans the ability to see colour.
What are the three main adaptations of cone cells?
- The outer segment contains a visual pigment which changes chemically in coloured light.
- Middle segment packed with mitochondria to release energy needed to reform the visual pigment.
- Specialised synapse connected to the optic nerve.
What is the purpose of a root hair cell?
Gives an increased surface area for roots to take in water and mineral ions.
What are the two main adaptations of a root hair cell?
- The cells increase the surface area for water to be absorbed.
- A large permanent vacuole speeds up osmosis.
What are the four main adaptations of sperm cells?
- Long tail helps the sperm move.
- Middle section full of mitochondria giving the tail energy.
- Acrosome stores digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of the egg.
- Large nucleus contains the genetic material to be passed on.
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration.
What affects the rate of diffusion?
- The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion.
- The higher the temperature, the faster particles move.
What types of substances can diffuse?
Dissolved substances and gases.
What is the concentration gradient?
The difference of concentration between two areas.
How does oxygen get into individual cells?
- The oxygen enters into the lungs.
- It diffuses from the lungs to the blood cells.
- On arrival at the cell, the oxygen diffuses into the cell through the membrane.
How are cells adapted to increase the rate of diffusion?
An increased surface area of the cell membrane usually achieved by folding the membrane.
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with similar structure and function.
What is an organ?
A combination of several tissues.
What does muscle tissue do?
It can contract to bring about movement.
What does glandular tissue do?
They contain secretory cells that can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones.
What do mesophyll tissues do?
They contain lots of chloroplasts which enables photosynthesis to take place.
What do xylem and phloem tissues do?
They transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves and dissolved food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
What tissues does the stomach contain?
- Muscular tissue to churn the food and digestive juices.
- Glandular tissue to produce digestive juices.
- Epithelial tissue to cover the inside and outside of the organ.
What is an organ system?
A collection of organs which carry out major functions.
How are insoluble molecules dealt with by the digestive system?
They are broken down into smaller molecules ie. digested.
What do the pancreas and salivary glands do?
They make and release digestive juices containing enzymes that break down food.
What does the stomach do?
It is one of the main organs where food is digested.
It contains enzymes which break down insoluble food molecules.
What does the small intestine do?
- It breaks down large insoluble molecules.
- Soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood.
- The muscle pushes the undigested food into the large intestine.
How is the small intestine adapted?
It has a large surface area which helps maintain a steep concentration gradient.
What happens in the large intestine?
-Water is absorbed from the undigested food into the blood.
What happens to undigested food after passing through the large intestine?
It goes on to form faeces.
What are the three main organs of a plant?
- Leaves
- Stem
- Roots
What is the purpose of the leaves?
To carry out photosynthesis.
What is the purpose of the stem?
To support the leaves and flowers.
What is the purpose of the roots?
To take up mineral ions and water.
Since you’ve been using these flashcards for free, please consider making a small donation for the hundreds of hours it took to make them.
http://bit.ly/21T6H3W
Thank you and good luck!
