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GCSE Biology > B2.1 - Cells, Tissues & Organs > Flashcards

B2.1 - Cells, Tissues & Organs Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the five main structures of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

It controls all the activity of the cell and contains all of the genetic material.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasm?

A

A liquid gel in which most necessary reactions take place.

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3
Q

What reaction take place in the cytoplasm?

A

Glycolysis

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

A

They carry out aerobic respiration and produce ATP.

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5
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The structure in which protein synthesis takes place.

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6
Q

What are the three main features found in plant and algal cells that aren’t in animal cells?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloropasts
  • Permanent vacuole
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7
Q

What is the purpose of a cell wall?

A

The strengthen and support the shape of a cell.

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8
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

Chlorophyll

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9
Q

What is the purpose of chlorophyll?

A

It absorbs light energy for use in photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What type of cells don’t contain chloroplasts?

A

Root cells because they don’t photosynthesise.

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11
Q

What are the main features of a bacterial cell?

A

Slime capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, cytoplasm, genetic material (no nucleus), plasmids.

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12
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A circular piece of DNA.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of flagella?

A

They allow the bacteria to move.

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14
Q

What does yeast produce from anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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15
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast known as?

A

Fermentation

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16
Q

What are the main structures of a yeast cell?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.

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17
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells that develop to carry out a particular function.

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18
Q

What are the three main adaptations of fat cells?

A
  • Small amount of cytoplasm and large amount of fat.
  • Few mitochondria since very little energy is needed.
  • Ability to expand 1000x.
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19
Q

What is the purpose of a cone cell?

A

Give humans the ability to see colour.

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20
Q

What are the three main adaptations of cone cells?

A
  • The outer segment contains a visual pigment which changes chemically in coloured light.
  • Middle segment packed with mitochondria to release energy needed to reform the visual pigment.
  • Specialised synapse connected to the optic nerve.
21
Q

What is the purpose of a root hair cell?

A

Gives an increased surface area for roots to take in water and mineral ions.

22
Q

What are the two main adaptations of a root hair cell?

A
  • The cells increase the surface area for water to be absorbed.
  • A large permanent vacuole speeds up osmosis.
23
Q

What are the four main adaptations of sperm cells?

A
  • Long tail helps the sperm move.
  • Middle section full of mitochondria giving the tail energy.
  • Acrosome stores digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of the egg.
  • Large nucleus contains the genetic material to be passed on.
24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration.

25
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A
  • The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion.
  • The higher the temperature, the faster particles move.
26
Q

What types of substances can diffuse?

A

Dissolved substances and gases.

27
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference of concentration between two areas.

28
Q

How does oxygen get into individual cells?

A
  • The oxygen enters into the lungs.
  • It diffuses from the lungs to the blood cells.
  • On arrival at the cell, the oxygen diffuses into the cell through the membrane.
29
Q

How are cells adapted to increase the rate of diffusion?

A

An increased surface area of the cell membrane usually achieved by folding the membrane.

30
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function.

31
Q

What is an organ?

A

A combination of several tissues.

32
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

It can contract to bring about movement.

33
Q

What does glandular tissue do?

A

They contain secretory cells that can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones.

34
Q

What do mesophyll tissues do?

A

They contain lots of chloroplasts which enables photosynthesis to take place.

35
Q

What do xylem and phloem tissues do?

A

They transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves and dissolved food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

36
Q

What tissues does the stomach contain?

A
  • Muscular tissue to churn the food and digestive juices.
  • Glandular tissue to produce digestive juices.
  • Epithelial tissue to cover the inside and outside of the organ.
37
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A collection of organs which carry out major functions.

38
Q

How are insoluble molecules dealt with by the digestive system?

A

They are broken down into smaller molecules ie. digested.

39
Q

What do the pancreas and salivary glands do?

A

They make and release digestive juices containing enzymes that break down food.

40
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

It is one of the main organs where food is digested.

It contains enzymes which break down insoluble food molecules.

41
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A
  • It breaks down large insoluble molecules.
  • Soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood.
  • The muscle pushes the undigested food into the large intestine.
42
Q

How is the small intestine adapted?

A

It has a large surface area which helps maintain a steep concentration gradient.

43
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

-Water is absorbed from the undigested food into the blood.

44
Q

What happens to undigested food after passing through the large intestine?

A

It goes on to form faeces.

45
Q

What are the three main organs of a plant?

A
  • Leaves
  • Stem
  • Roots
46
Q

What is the purpose of the leaves?

A

To carry out photosynthesis.

47
Q

What is the purpose of the stem?

A

To support the leaves and flowers.

49
Q

What is the purpose of the roots?

A

To take up mineral ions and water.

50
Q

Since you’ve been using these flashcards for free, please consider making a small donation for the hundreds of hours it took to make them.

A

http://bit.ly/21T6H3W

Thank you and good luck!

GCSE Biology (22 decks)

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