B3 Organisation And Digestive System Flashcards
What does differentiate mean in biology?
Cells differentiate becoming specialised to carry out a particular job
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function working together.
What is an example of a tissue?
Muscular tissue can contract to bring about movement
What is an organ?
An organ is a collection of tissues. Each organ contains several tissues all working together to perform a specific function.
What is an example of a tissue?
Muscular tissue can contract to make movement
What does a stomach contain?
- Muscular tissue to churn the food and digestive juices of the stomach together
- Glandular tissue to produce the digestive juices that break down food.
- Epithelial tissue, which covers the inside and outside of the organ
What two important functions does a Pancreas have?
- To make hormones to control blood sugar
- To make digestive enzymes.
What is an Organ System?
A whole multicellular organism made up of a number of organ systems working together.
What is an Organism made up of?
Cells to tissues to organs to organ system to organism
What does your mouth do?
Salivary glands create saliva containing the Enzyme Amylase which chemically breaks down food. While chewing breaks down the food to smaller pieces.
What does the Oesophagus do?
It is a muscular tube where food is pushed through into the stomach by series of contractions called Peristalsis.
What does your stomach do?
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid which kills indigested bacteria it also contains Protease Enzymes which digest protein.
What does your stomach do also?
Muscular walls of the stomach contract to chrun the food.
What does the Liver do?
It processes absorbed food and detoxifies the blood. It also makes bile.
What is Bile?
-Bile is alkaine to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. Also bile emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area.
What does the Gall Bladder do?
The Gall Bladder stores excess bile before it is released into the small intestine
What does the Pancreas do?
Produces digestive enzymes which are secreted to the first segment of the smalll intestine.
What do Enzyemes in the Pancreas do?
These enzymes break down proteins,fats, and carbohydrates.
What does the Pancreas make apart from enyzmes?
Insulin which secreting it directly into the blood stream it is the chief hormone for metabolising sugar.
What does Starch break into?
Starch- amylase-Glucose (C6H12O6)
What does Protein break into?
Protein-Protease- Amino Acids
What does Lipids break into?
Lipids-Lipase- glycerol + 3 fatty acids
What does the Small Intestine do?
The small intestine produces protease amaylase and lipase that continue digestion
What is Villi?
Villi absorbs soluble products into the blood.
What does the Large Intestine do?
The Large intestine connects the small intestine to the rectum and it is reponsible for producing waste.
What chemical do people use to speed up reaction?
Catalysts which you can never run out of
What does Metabolism mean?
Metabolism, the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes
What Enzyme breaks down Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrases
Examples of Carbohydrates?
Bread,Potatoes, rice and pasta
What chemical do you use to find Starch?
Iodine Soultion which will react with the starch to produce a dark blue-black colour.
What chemical do you use to find Sugar
Benedict Soultion which will react with the sugar to produce either: -Blue which means no sugar -Green means some sugar -Red means lots of sugar (Has to be in warm water for 10mins)
What chemical do you use to find Protein?
Biuret Reagent which shows violet when protein is present
What chemical do you use to find Lipid/Fat?
Ethanol which you get a cloudy white layer in your test tube
What effect does pH have on enzymes?
- Different enzymes work better at different pH levels
- When the shape of active site is lost the enzyme is no longer acts as a catalyst.
What effect does temperature have on enzymes?
If the temperature around an enzyme gets too high, the enzyme loses its shape, which is known as denaturation, and ceases to work. Most enzymes will become denatured at very high temperatures.
In which part of the digestive system does the enzyme work for Carbohydrates?
Small Intestine
In which part of the digestive system does the enzyme work for protein?
Stomach and Small Intestine
In which part of the digestive system does the enzyme work for Fats,Lipids and Oils?
Stomach
What is the 1/2 adaptions does the small intestine have for exchange?
- Good Blood Supply.
- Maintains a steep concentration graident from the small intestine to the blood.
What is the 2/2 adaptions does the small intestine have for exchange?
- Large Surface Area
- Increasing the SA of the gut lining means more room for diffusion.
What tissues make up an organ?
Organs are composed of main tissue, parenchyma, and sporadic tissues, stroma.
summarise the process of digestion?
- ) Ingestion is the process by which food is taken into mouth and broken down
- ) Digestion is the process by which ingested (food) material is broken down in the earlier stages into a form that can then be absorbed into the tissues of the body.
- ) Absorption is the uptake of fluids or other substances by the tissues of the body.
- ) the entire process of excretion of metabolic waste products
Describe the structure of Sugar?
structures of simple sugars is two sugar units joined together for example sucrose a compound (C12 H22 O11)
Describe the structure of starch?
A starch molecule is a long chain of glucose units.
Describe the structure for lipids?
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K),
use the ‘lock and key theory’ to explain why the shape of the enzyme is vital for it to function?
Like a lock which can only be opend by one key, each enzymes is specific to whatever to works on.
explain why enzymes are needed for digestion?
They work with other chemicals in the body, such as stomach acid and bile, to help break down food into molecules for a wide range of bodily functions.
How can you calculate the mean rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction?
Mean rate of reaction = quantity of reactants/product used or formed over time taken
