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Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord
Coordinate the response in other words he decides what to do about the stimulus and tells something to do it.
Send information to and affecter along and with a neurone

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2
Q

How do you electrical impulses travel in nerves

A

Electrical impulses are passed along the axon of the neurone

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3
Q

What is a dendrite

A

Branched endings of the neuron so they can connect with lots of open neurons

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4
Q

What is a batty myelin sheath

A

Act as an electrical insulator which speeds up the electrical impulse

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5
Q

Why is one long neuron quicker than lots of small connected neurons

A

Connecting with another neuron slows the impulse down Due to the connection between the two neurons called a synapse which is a very tiny gap

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6
Q

Synapse

A

Electrical impulse triggers the release of transmitted chemicals which diffuse across the gap
These chemicals bind with receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neuron this sets off a new electrical impulse

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7
Q

How do reflex arcs work

A

The sensory neuron connects to a relay neuron in the spinal-cord or an unconscious part of the brain which links directly to the right motor neurone so no time is wasted thinking

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8
Q

Job of cornea

A

Refracts light into the eye

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9
Q

Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the people

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10
Q

Lens

A

Also refracts light focusing it onto the retina

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11
Q

Ciliary body

A

Contains ciliary muscles which are attached to the suspensory ligaments they work together to alter the shape of the lens

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12
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive part and is covered in receptors called rods and cones which detect a light

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13
Q

Rods

A

More sensitive in dim light but can’t sense colour

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14
Q

Cones

A

Sensitive to different colours but I’m not so good in dim light

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15
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

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16
Q

How do you focus on Distant objects

A

Ciliary muscle Relaxes which allows the suspensory ligament’s to pull tight This means less light is refracted

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17
Q

Long sightedness

A

Unable to focus on near objects because Lens is wrong shape and doesn’t bend light enough or eyeball is too short
This can be corrected with contact lens

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18
Q

Colourblindness

A

Most common form is red green colourblindness this it is caused when red or green cones in the retina are not working properly

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19
Q

Cerebrum

A

This is the alpha wrinkly bit it is responsible for things like consciousness intelligence memory and language

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in maintaining body temperature at the normal level also produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

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21
Q

Pituitary

A

A gland that produces many important hormones such as some of those involved in the menstrual cycle

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22
Q

Medulla

A

Controls unconscious activities like breathing and your heart rate

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23
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination

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24
Q

FMRI scanners

A

Big tube like machines that show which parts of the brain are activated when performing certain tasks

25
How can scientists learn about the brain
Case studies, Injury( if someone damaged a part of brain and goes blind likely to do with vision), FMRI scanners, Dead people brains
26
Why is investigating brain function tricky
If a person is severely brain-damaged it may be on ethical to study them Studying dead people relies on people donating their brains for research If FMRI scanners are used to study brain function it cannot be known for sure that the same pattern of activity would occur in a normal situation
27
Hormones
Chemical messengers Which travel all over the body but only affect particular cells in particular places
28
Target cells
They have the right receptors to respond to the hormone an organ that contains target cells is called a target organ
29
Adrenaline
Bind to receptors in hot to make it be faster Binds to receptors in liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose
30
Negative feedback in thyroxine
Negative feedback system keeps s the amount of thyroxine in the blood at the right level When the level of thyroxine in the blood is higher than normal the secretion of TSH from the pituitary gland is inhibited which reduces the amount of thyroxine released from the thyroid gland
31
Testosterone
This is the main male sex hormone is produced in the testes it stimulates sperm production and is important for the development of male reproductive system
32
Oestrogen
This is the main female sex hormone It is produced in the ovaries it is involved in the menstrual cycle and promotes female sexual characteristics e.g. breast development
33
Progesterone
Produced by ovaries supports pregnancy and is involved in mental cycle
34
FSH And LH
These hormones are released by the pituitary gland in the brain they help to control the menstrual cycle
35
Stage one of the menstrual cycle
Day one is when ministration starts. The uterus lining breaks down and is released
36
Second stage of menstrual cycle
The lining of the uterus builds up again from the four to day 14 into athick spongy layerFull of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg
37
Stage three of menstrual cycle
And egg Developed and is released from an ovary at about day 14
38
Stage four of menstrual cycle
The lining is then maintained For about 14 days until day 28. If no egg has been implanted into the uterus by this point spongy lining breaks down and cycle restarts
39
I woman’s used to promote natural pregnancy In women with low levels of FSH
FSH and LH are injected into this woman to stimulate ovulation
40
IVF
Eggs from woman and sperm from man grown into embryos once they are tiny balls of cells they are implanted into the woman FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate egg production
41
Hormone contraceptive methods
PROGESTERONE: injection, implant, intrauterine system PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN: combined pill, patch May have side effects
42
How does progesterone contraception work
Stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus Thins lining of uterus to reduce the chance of egg implanting Prevents ovulation by inhibiting the production of FSH and LH
43
How does progesterone and oestrogen contraception work
Inhibits FSH plus all of progesterone contraception
44
Barrier methods of contraception
Condom (98% eff) Female condom? (95%) Diaphragm(92-96%) Could be done wrong
45
Interactive devices
Inserted into the uterus and prevent sperm from survive they also alter lining of womb so egg can’t implant 99% effective
46
Sterilisation ( contraception )
involves a surgical procedure to cut our tie tubes in reproductive system
47
How do you auxins change the direction of shoot growth
Shoots are positively phototropic: When shoot tip exposed to light the auxins move to the shaded side which speeds up growth of that side so it bends towards light Shoots or negatively Gravitropic: When going sideways gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin infected with more oxygen on the lower side this causes the lower side to grow faster bending the shoot upwards
48
How do you auxins change the direction of route growth
Positively gravitropic: Roots growing sideways will have more auxins in the bottom cells but in a root the extra auxins inhibit growth this means the top cells elongate faster so root grows down Roots are negatively phototropic: Roots exposed to light have more auxins in shaded side so it bends down
49
Gibberellin
Stimulates Seed germination, Stem growth, And flowering
50
Ethene
Produced by ageing leaves it stimulates cells that connect the leaf to the rest of the plant to expand This breaks the cell wall and causes the leaf to fall off
51
Auxins
Inhibit the shedding of leaves and produced by young leaves
52
What happens if blood glucose levels are too high
Insulin is added
53
What happens if blood glucose levels are low
Glucagon is added
54
Type one diabetes
Pancreas produces no insulin
55
Type two diabetes
Person becomes resistant to insulin
56
Kidneys
Control how Mitch water is lost in urine Also get rid of waste and control waste of other substances They have millions of little structures called kidney tubules
57
What happens at each kidney tubule
Blood flows through the glomerulus at high pressure and small molecules including water sugar salt and urea are filtered out into the capsule the liquid then flows along the tubule and useful substances are selectively absorbed: All sugar is reabsorbed Sufficient salt/water reabsorbed
58
But woman controls concentration of urine
Antie diuretic hormone

Biology (22 decks)

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