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Biology > Animal Responses > Flashcards

Animal Responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Different types of motor nervous system

A

Autonomic
Somatic

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2
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Non conscious activity

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3
Q

What are the two types of autonomic responses

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conscious activity
Connects to muscles

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5
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic prepares for activity
Parasympathetic prepares for rest

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6
Q

Neurotransmitter for sympathetic

A

Noradrenaline

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter for parasympathetic

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

Effects of sympathetic nervous system

A

Increases heart rate
Increases ventilation of lungs
Dilated pupils
Decreases digestion

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9
Q

What nerve increases heart rate

A

Acceleans
Modulates activity of SAN

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10
Q

What nerve decreases heart rate

A

Vagus

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11
Q

Role of the cerebrum

A

Controls conscious thought

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12
Q

Role of cardiovascular centre of medulla oblongata

A

Decides whether to send messages via accelerants or vagus

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13
Q

Role of cerebellum

A

Controls balance and fine control of movement

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14
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the release of Cortisol

A

Releases CRH, causes pituitary gland release ACTH
Which travels to adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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15
Q

How does hypothalamus control release of thyroxine

A

Releases TRH , causes pituitary to release TSH, causes release of thyroxine

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16
Q

what is the role of the t tubule

A

carries action potential to the muscle fibre

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17
Q

what are the muscle types

A

-striated
-smooth
-cardiac

18
Q

what is the functional unit of the muscle

A

sarcomere

19
Q

how does an action potential catalyse the contraction of a muscle

A

AP moves down T tubule
AP spreads to terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
-calcium is released into muscle fibre

20
Q

what is the i band of the sarcomere

A

only actin
from z line to myosin (+ actin)

21
Q

what is the i band of the sarcomere

A

only actin
from z line to myosin (+actin)

22
Q

what is the H zone

A

just myosin
from actin to actin

23
Q

what is the A band

A

myosin + actin

24
Q

what is the m line

A

middle of sarcomere

25
Q

how does ATP and calcium facilitate contraction of sarcomere

A

calcium frees binding sites by unbinding tropomyosin and troponin
myosin attaches to actin
power stroke
ATP unbinds myosin from actin

26
Q

plant hormones

A

auxin
gibberellins
cytokines
ethene
abscisic acid

27
Q

role of auxin

A

cell elongation
apical dominance

28
Q

role of gibberellins

A

seed germination
growth of stems

29
Q

role of cytokinins

A

promote cell division

30
Q

role of ethene

A

fruit ripening

31
Q

role of abscisic acid

A

inhibit seed germination + growth
stomatal closure

32
Q

commercial uses of auxins

A

seedless fruit
herbicides

33
Q

commercial uses of gibberelins

A

fruit prod
brewing
plant breeding

34
Q

commercial uses of cytokinins

A

tissue culture

35
Q

commercial uses of abscisic acid

A

few commercial used
(dormancy)

36
Q

types of tropism

A

phototropism
thigmotropism
gravitropism

37
Q

what is a non directional response

A

nastic response
-eg thigmonasty

38
Q

what is apical dominance

A

auxins produced at tip
diffuses down
auxin causes high conc of abscisic acid in side branches and low low cytokinin conc

39
Q

highlight how auxin cause cell elongation

A

-auxin causes cell wall to become acidic
-expansins loosen cell wall
-cell elongates when filled with water

40
Q

effect of low auxin conc

A

stimulates root growth

41
Q

effect of high auxin conc

A

stimulates shoot growth
inhibits root growth

Biology (22 decks)

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