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GCSE Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

How do single cells carry out exchanges?

A

Across their cell membrane

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function working together

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4
Q

What does the muscular tissue do?

A

Contract and relax to bring about movement.

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5
Q

What does the glandular tissue do?

A

Contains secretory cells that can produce and release substances such as enzymes and hormones

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6
Q

What does the epilethal tissue do ?

A

Covers the outside of the body and the internal organs.

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7
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function

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8
Q

What tissues does the stomach organ contain?

A
  • muscular tissue- to churn the food and digestive juices of the stomach together
  • glandular tissue- to produce digestive juices that break down food
  • epithelial tissue- which covers the inside and the outside of the organ
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9
Q

Which organ has tissues that are completely different?

A

The pancreas , two different tissue that produce enzymes that digest food and also hormones . Two completely different tissues

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10
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A whole multicellular organism made up of a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

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11
Q

Examples of organ system?

A

Digestive system
Circulatory system
Gas exchange system

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12
Q

What does a group of organ systems create?

A

Organism

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13
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

A organ system in which several organs work together to digets and absorb food.

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14
Q

What does the mouth, salivary glands and oesophagus do?

A

Mouth is where food enters, salivary glands produce saliva that contain amylase enzymes. The oesophagus is the tube that the food is squeezed down

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15
Q

What does the pancreas do in the digestive process?

A

Produce enzymes and release them in the stomach

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16
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile , releases into the stomach.

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17
Q

What does the gall bladder do ?.

A

Store bile , before releasing it

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18
Q

What does the small intestine do ?

A

Duodenum is where the food is mixed with bile and digestive enzymes
Then food moves to ileum where digested food is absorbed into blood and lymph , to go to necessary cells

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19
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Colon is where water is reabsorbed
Rectum is where faeces is stored
Anus is where faeces leaves alimentary canal

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20
Q

Process of digestion?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Salivary glands
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Pancreas
  5. liver
  6. Gall bladder
  7. Small intestine
  8. Large intestine
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21
Q

What do glands do?

A

Produce digestive juices containing enzymes

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22
Q

Where does digestion take place?

A

Stomach and small intestine

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23
Q

What do enzymes do ?

A

Break down insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble ones

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24
Q

How is the small intestine adapted?

A
  • large surface area, covered in villi
  • good blood supply
  • short diffusion distances.
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25
Q

What are the main compounds that make up the structure of the cell and are vital for a balanced diet?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
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26
Q

Why carbohydrates are important?

A

Provide us with fuel to make all other reactions possible

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27
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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28
Q

What makes up carbohydrates?

A

Sugar units

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29
Q

What is the carbohydrate made up of only one sugar molecule?

A

Simple sugar, eg glucose C6H12O6 or sucrose

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30
Q

What are complex carbs?

A

Carbs with long chains of sugar molecules.

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31
Q

Examples of complex carbs?

A

Starch , cellulose

32
Q

Examples of carb rich food?

A

Bread
Potatoes
Pasta

33
Q

What happens to most carbohydrates when taken into the body?

A

Broken down into glucose and used for cellular respiration to provide energy for metabolic reactions.

34
Q

What does carbs do for the plants?

A

Cellulose is a support material in plants

35
Q

Examples of lipids?

A

Fats and oils

36
Q

What are lipids?

A

Energy efficient store in the body and important energy source for your diet

37
Q

Why lipids are important?

A

Combined with other molecules, lipids are important in the cell membrane , as hormones and in the nervous system

38
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

39
Q

What elements are in lipids?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

40
Q

What makes up lipids?

A

3 molecules of fatty acid, joined with a molecule of glycerol. Glycerol is always the same but fatty acids can differ.

41
Q

Examples of lipids?

A

Oil, margarine , cheese, butter

42
Q

What are proteins?

A

Basic building block of all tissues in the body

Basis of enzymes

43
Q

What elements make up proteins?

A

Carbon , hydrogen , oxygen, nitrogen

44
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

Long chains of small units of amino acids

45
Q

How many amino acids are there ?

A

Around 20

46
Q

What makes different proteins?

A

Different arrangements of amino acids. They are twisted, folded and coiled to make specific 3d shapes

47
Q

How strong are bonds between amino acids?

A

Sensitive to ph and temperature

48
Q

What happens if proteins loses its function?

A

Becomes denatured

49
Q

What functions do proteins carry out?

A
  • structural components of tissues such as muscle and tendons
  • hormones such as insulin
  • antibodies , part of immune system , destroy pathogens
  • enzymes which act as catalysts
50
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Speeds up chemical reactions , but is not used up in it. Can be used over and over again

51
Q

What controls the rate of chemical reactions?

A

Controlled by enzymes

52
Q

What do enzymes interact with?

A

Substrate

53
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

A section on an enzyme that can bind to a particular substrate. It is vital otherwise enzyme wont work

54
Q

What is bile?

A

Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Its alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach . It also emulsifies fats to form small droplets which increases the surface area. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase

55
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site to the substrate. This active site and the substrate binds to speed up the reaction of the substrate to create products.

56
Q

What enzyme breaks down protein?

A

Protease

57
Q

What happens when protein breaks down protease?

A

Breaks it down into individual amino acids and they are absorbed into the blood stream

58
Q

What happens when amino acids are absorbed by body cells?

A

Joined together in a different order to make human proteins

59
Q

What enzyme breaks down starch ?

A

Amylase

60
Q

What produces protease?

A

Pancreas, stomach and small intestine

61
Q

What breaks down lipids?

A

Lipase

62
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands , pancreas

63
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

64
Q

What breaks down simple sugars?

A

Carbohydrases

65
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

66
Q

What controls the rate of reaction.

A

Enzymes

67
Q

What makes up enzymes?

A

Large protein molceules

68
Q

How is an enzymes active site formed?

A

Long chains are folded to produce a molecule with an active site , that can bind to a specific substrate.

69
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A
  • substrate fits into active site.
  • bind together and the reaction takes place rapidly and the products released from the surface of the enzymes
  • enzymes can also join small molecules together
70
Q

What do enzymes control?

A

Metabolism

71
Q

What is the metabolism ?

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

72
Q

Why do enzymes break down molecules ?

A
  • glucose for cellular respiration(absorbed into blood stream)
  • amino acids to form urea.
73
Q

Why the shape of the active site is important?

A

Enzymes are specific to the substrate . Must fit perfectly or doesn’t work

74
Q

How does temperature affect the activity of enzymes?

A
  • increase temperature , activity increases. Enzymes and substrate moving faster.
  • one hit optimum temperature , it is working at its maximum .
  • once going past optimum temperature the activity of the enzyme rapidly decreases to 0
75
Q

What happens once the temperature of enzymes exceeds the optimum temperature ?

A

Vibrate rapidly and the active site changes. The substrate can no longer fit into the active site , so it is denatured.

76
Q

How does ph affect enzyme activity ?

A

Enzymes have an optimum ph . If ph becomes more acidic or alkali , the enzyme activity drops to 0. Each enzyme has a specific optimum ph

77
Q

How small intestine is adapted to be efficient?

A
  • very large surface area for absorption of the products of digestion
  • interior covered in villi to increase surface area
  • microvilli increase it even more
  • villi have a good blood supply so blood stream rapidly removes products of digestion
  • villi have a thin membrane , short diffusion path
  • molecules not absorbed by diffusion ,are by active transport.

GCSE Biology (20 decks)

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