B3+ Flashcards
What is a system?
A set of things that work together as part of a mechanism.
What is a tissue?
A group of the same type of cells
What is an organ?
A group of tissues come together to make an organ.
What is an organ system?
Groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function is an organ system.
How many main tissues are in a human body?
4
Wha are the four main types of tissues?
Connective tissue, epithelial tissue , muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
How many organ systems are in the human body?
11
What does the skeletal system do for the body?
Provides support and protection and allows movement.
What does the muscular system do in the body?
Movement and temperature regulation
What does the cardiovascular system do in school?
Charge of blood circulation
What does digestion mean?
The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.
What are the main organs involved in digestion?
Mouth, oesophagus , stomach, small intestine , large intestine , the rectum and the anus.
What are supporting/ secondary organs of digestion?
Silavsry glands, liver and pancreas and gallbladder.
What is the purpose of the mouth.
Food enters her and broken down by teeth (mechanical )
What us the purpose of oesophagus?
Connects mouth to stomach, muscle contractions (peristalsis) push food down to the stomach.
What is the purpose of stomach?
Breaks food down food with hydrochloric acid and churning (muscle contraction)
What is the purpose of the small intestine?
Digestion happens here and small molecules are absorbed
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
Absorption of water and creates faeces.
What is the purpose of the rectum?
Faeces stored here.
What is the purpose of the anus?
Stool excreted here.
What does liver do?
Produces bile which emulsifies lipids
What does the pancreas do?
Releases digestive juices.
What are food tests?
Where you add a reagent to a food sample to see if there is a specific food group present.
What is a macromolecule?
A large molecule made out of smaller molecules.
How many intestines are there?
2 (small and large intestine)
What are the three macromolecules?
Carbohydrates , proteins and lipids (fats)
What are carbohydrates made out of?
Glucose monomers
What is protein made out of?
Amino acid monomers
What are lipids made out of?
Fatty acids and glycerol chains
What are carbohydrates broken down by?
Carbohydrase.
What are proteins broken down by?
Protease
What are lipids broken down?
Lipase
What is the food test for starch?
Iodine
What colour change will happen if I done is added to starch?
Brown to blue/black
What is the food test for protein?
Biuret
What colour change happens if biuret is added to protein?
Blue to purple
What us the food test of lipids?
Ethanol
What happens if ethanol is added to lipids?
It turns cloudy.
What is the food test of reducing sugars?
Benedict’s solution
What happens if Benedict’s solution is added to reducing sugars?
It can be a color change if many spectrum of colors from blue to brick red.
What need to happen in order for Benedict’s solution to be reactive?
The food sample needs to be heated.
What is an enzyme?
Biological catalysts, usually proteins.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction , but it isn’t used up.
What do digestive enzymes do?
Catalyse the reaction of breaking down larger insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules.
Why do enzymes catalyse specific reactions?
Because of their active site.
What are two models of enzyme action?
Lock and key theory and the induced fit theory.
What is the lock and key theory?
Just how a key needs to be specific shaped so does the lock needs the specific shaped, is like a substrate needs to be specific shaped to fit the specific shaped active site.
What is the induced fit theory?
That the enzyme can actually change to the substrate. More realistic than the lock and key theory
What does optimum mean?
The most favourable, the best.
What can enzymes affect?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that can affect the rate of a reaction.
What are most chemical reactions speeded up by?
Increasing temperature.
Why does increasing temperature fasten the rate of reaction?
Increased heat = increased kinetic energy of molecules.
What happens if the temperature if an enzyme gets too high?
The enzyme denatures
What does denature mean?
The active sites shape changes so the substrate can’t bind to get active site causing no reaction.
What do different enzymes work at?
Different enzymes work best at different pH values.
What does the optimum pH of an enzyme depend on?
Depends on the pH conditions where the enzyme works at.
What happens if the enzyme pH level is too high or low?
It can cause the enzyme to denature.
What are the two factors that affect the rate of reaction of enzymes?
pH and temperature.
What does efficient mean?
Maximum productivity with minimum waste.
How does the digestion system make digestion efficient?
Uses specialised structures and processes.
What does it mean by enzymes are specific?
That they only. catalyse one type of reaction
What does amylase do?
Breaks down starch into sugars (glucose).
Where is amylase found?
In saliva and the small intestine
Where is starch digested?
The small intestine and mouth.
What is the optimum pH and temperature of amylase?
Neutral pH (7) and body temperature.
What does protease breaks down protein into?
Amino acids.
Where is protease found in?
In the stomach as a form of pepsin. Other protease are found in the small stomach and released by the pancreas.
What conditions do proteases and pepsin work at?
Proteases and pepsin optimum are different.
What do lipases break lipids into?
Fatty acids and glycerols.
Where are lipases found?
Small intestine.
What is the optimum conditions of lipases?
Neutral pH and body temperature .
What does bike do?
Emulsifies lipids , physically turn lipids into tiny droplets.
What does bile have?
These have a larger surface area over which lipases can work.
What are the two types of mechanism in digestion?
Mechanical (physical movement in order thi break down food /molecules ) and chemical (chemical reactions used to break down food/molecules).
