B3-089 Helminth Infections Flashcards
1
Q
round worms
A
nematodes
2
Q
tapeworms
A
cestodes
3
Q
flukes
A
trematoda
4
Q
platyhelmithes
A
trematoda & cestoda
5
Q
aschelminthes
A
nematoda
6
Q
largest group of helminths infecting humans
A
nematodes
7
Q
life cycle involves an insect
A
filarial nematode
8
Q
ocassionally transmitted to humans but humans are a dead end host
A
zoonotic nematodes
9
Q
pinworm
A
enterobius vermicularis
10
Q
pin worm females are cream colored and have __________ tails
A
sharply pointed tails
11
Q
clear, thin shelled ovoid eggs flattened into a D shape
A
enterobius vermicularis
12
Q
why should you treat all family members for enterobius vermicularis?
A
the eggs remain viable for days so reinfection is common
13
Q
nocturnal pruritis around anus
A
enterobius vermicularis
14
Q
treatment for enterobius vermicularis
A
mebendazole
15
Q
diagnosis of enterobius vermicularis
A
anal cellophane tape test
16
Q
no vector no incubation
A
enterobius vermicularis
17
Q
trichuris trichiura
ascaris lumbricoides
the hookworms
strongyloides stercoralis
what do these have in common?
A
nematodes that require soil incubation prior to becoming infective
**puts populations with unclean water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene at risk
18
Q
whipworm
A
trichuris trichiura
19
Q
adults are thin/threadlike anterior that embeds in the intestine and bulbous posterior that contains eggs
A
trichuris trichiura
20
Q
thick shell eggs with translucent knob ends
A
trichuris trichiura
21
Q
for most helminths, low burden is associated with what symptoms
A
asymptomatic
22
Q
high burden can cause growth retardation, colonic mucosal damage, blood loss, anemia
rectal prolapse is a severe complication
A
trichuris trichiura
23
Q
treatment of trichuris trichiura
A
mebendazole
improve sanitary conditions
24
Q
diagnosis trichuris trichiura
A
eggs in stool
mild eosinophilia
25
ascaris lumbricoides
the hookworms
stronglyoides stercoralis
have what in common?
nematodes that have a pulmonary migration stage
26
intermediate burden may cause a hypersensitivity reaction to pulmonary migration and Loeffler's syndrome
ascaris lumbricoides
27
heavy burden causes obstruction of appendix, bile, pancreatic duct, intestine, abdominal pain, malabsorption
ascaris lumbricoides
28
treatment ascaris lumbricoides
mebendazole
29
Loeffler's syndrome is characterized by
eosinophilia, O2 desaturation, migratory pulmonary infiltrates, larvae in sputum
30
ascaris lumbricoides diagnosis
eggs in stool
31
elliptical, rough/mamillated thick walled eggs. viable up to 6 years
ascaris lumbricoides
32
hookworms
strongyloides stercoralis
what do these organisms have in common?
nematodes that cause cutaneous infections
33
which hookworm has cutting plates
necatur americanus
34
whick hookworm has teeth
ancylostoma duodenale
35
seen in warm, wet environments where people walk shoeless
hookworms
36
symptoms include: ground itch, Loeffler's syndrome, peripheral and gut eosinophilia
hookworms
37
heavy burden causes iron deficient anemia, hypoalbuminemia, epigastric pain, abnormal peristalsis, mortality in infants
hookworms
38
treatment hookworms
mebendazole
39
heavy burdens of hookworms can lead to
cardiac insufficiency and mental stunting of children due to blood loss at the attachment site
40
thin shelled eggs
hookworm
41
diagnosis of hookworm
eggs in feces
42
eggs pass in cat/dog feces, larvae hatch in soil, larvae penetrate skin
zoonotic hookworms
43
pruritic, raised, red, serpiginous track in dermis
southern US atlantic and gulf states
cutaneous larval migrans caused by zoonotic hookworm
44
has auto-infection cycle
strongyliodes stercoralis
45
female conceives parthenogenetically
strongyliodes stercoralis
46
ground itch
loeffler's
abdominal pain, diarrhea
urticarial rash with Larva currens
strongyliodes stercoralis
47
disseminated hyperinfection:
immunosuppression
abdominal pain
enterocolitis
shock
recurrent Gram negative bacteremia
strongyliodes stercoralis
48
treatment: strongyliodes stercoralis
ivermectin
49
larva currens
red, raised, serpiginous lesions on buttocks and lower back
50
diagnosis strongyliodes stercoralis
larvae in stool (no eggs)
adult worms in aspirate/jejunal biopsy
51
trichinella spiralis
anisakis
toxocara
what do all these organisms have in common?
zoonotic nematodes
**humans are accidental and dead-end hosts
52
caused by macroscopic adult nematodes and their offspring,
lifecycle includes an insect vector,
dead worm is not expelled (inflammatory response)
filariasis
53
distribution: wuchereria bancrofti
tropical asia, africa, americas
54
vector: wuchereria bancrofti
culex, anopheles mosquito
55
location of adults: wuchereria bancrofti
lymphatic tissue
56
location of larvae: wuchereria bancrofti
blood
57
distribution: brugia malaya, B. timori
indonesia, SE asia
58
vector: brugia malaya, B. timori
anopheles mosquito
59
location of adults: brugia malaya, B. timori
lymphatic tissue
60
location of larvae: brugia malaya, B. timori
blood
61
distribution: loa loa
west africa
62
vector: loa loa
deer fly (chrysops)
63
location of adults: loa loa
subq
64
location of larvae: loa loa
blood
65
distribution: onchocerca volvulus
tropical American, Africa
66
vector: onchocerca volvulus
black fly
(simulium damnosum)
67
location of adults: onchocerca volvulus
subq
68
location of larvae: onchocerca volvulus
skin, eye
69
nocturnal larvae found in blood
lymphatic filariasis
70
cause elephantiasis
lymphatic filariasis
71
species of lymphatic filariasis
brugia
wuchereria bancrofti
72
diagnosis if lymphatic filariasis in adult stage
eosinophilia
biopsy of lymph node
73
diagnosis if lymphatic filariasis in microfilariae stage
peripheral blood smear at night
antigen detection
eosinophilia
74
transient subcutaneous calabar swellings (angioedema)
urticaria
may migrate through conjuctiva
loa loa
75
diagnosis of adult loa loa
location, physical exam
76
diagnosis of microfilariae loa loa
peripheral smear during the day
77
microfilariae are released into peripheral blood during the day time
loa loa
**differentiates from lymphatic filariasis
78
causes river blindness
onchocerca volvulus
79
pruritus, dermatitis, leopard/lizard skin, lymphadenopathy, blindness, subcutaneous nodules
microfilarial migration causes inflammation
onchocerca volvulus
80
diagnosis of onchocerca volvulus in adult stage
nodulectomy
81
diagnosis of onchocerca volvulus in microfilarial stage
bloodless skin snips, watch for emergence
82
adults live for decades in tissue and vascular system
trematodes
83
where sexual reproduction occurs
definitive host
84
where asexual reproduction occurs/ where larvae is found
intermediate host
85
definitive host: shistosoma
humans
86
intermediate host: shistosoma
miracidia penetrate snail
87
shistoma egg with terminal spine
S. haematobium
88
shistoma egg with lateral spine
S. mansoni
89
shistoma egg with round, large, less conspicuous spine
S. japonicum
90
shistoma males possess deep ventral groves which
carry the female
91
swimmer's itch 1-2 weeks after exposure
immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction
shistosoma penetration stage
92
fever, headache, abdominal pain 1-2 weeks after exposure
immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction
shistosoma migration stage
93
"Katayama's fever"
prolonged fever, chills, cough, uriticaria, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, abdominal pain
1-2 months after exposure
S. mansoni and S. japonicum
94
encephalitis (ectopic eggs in brain), leukocytes, marked eosinophilia 1-2 months after exposure
S. haematobium
95
hematuria, dysuria, bladder carcinoma 3 months after exposure
S. haematobium
96
hepatosplenomegaly (eggs lodge in liver and splee)
portal hypertension
3 months after exposure
S. mansoni and S. japonicum
97
diagnosis S. japonicum, S. mansoni
eggs in stool, rectal biopsy
98
diagnosis S. haematobium
eggs in urine, bladder biopsy
99
treatment of shistomas
antihistamins, corticosteriods, and praziquantel
100
beef tapeworm
taenia saginata
101
diagnosis taenia saginata
eggs or proglottids in stool
102
scolex with 4 suckers
up to 10m long
adult taenia saginata
103
longer than wide
>15 lateral uterine branches
proglottid taenia saginata
104
spherical thick egg with radially striated cell
taenia saginata or taenia solium
**unable to differentiate
105
epigastric discomfort, nausea, diarrhea
proglottids may obstruct appendix, biliary duct, pancreatic duct
taenia saginata or taenia solium
106
treatment taenia saginata
praziquantel
proper cooking/storage of meat
107
pig tapeworm
taenia solium
108
if humans ingest the eggs of taenia solium the larvae hatch in the small intestine and migrate causing
cysticercosis --> CSN neurocysticercosis
109
adult
scolex with armed rostellum (snout with hooklets)
up to 10m long
taenia solium
110
proglottid
longer than wide
8-12 lateral uterine branches
taenia solium
111
meningoencephalitic syndrome with CSF eosinophillic pleocytosis
Cysts throughout CNS
neurocystercosis
112
cysticeri in subq tissue, muscles, heart, liver, eyes
cystercercosis
113
diagnosis taenia solium
eggs or proglottids in stool
imaging for calcified cystercerci in tissue
biopsy
114
treatment taenia solium
praziquantel, albenzazole, corticosteroids, anti-seizure meds
115
fish tapeworm
broad tapeworm
diphyllobothrium latum
116
adults
2 lateral suckin grooves
loooooooong
diphyllobothrium latum
117
proglottid
wider than long
central, rosette shaped uterus
diphyllobothrium latum
118
operculated egg
diphyllobothrium latum
119
high burden may result in neurologic manifestations, numbness, opacity, optic atrophy
diphyllobothrium latum
**takes up majority of B12
120
treatment diphyllobothrium latum
praziquantel, B12 supplement
121
bear is most likely host
diphyllobothrium latum
122
hydatid disease
echinococcus granulosus
123
adults live in dog, cysts develop in sheep or human
echinococcus granulosus
124
causes cysts with brood capsules
echinococcus granulosus
125
pathology dependent on where cyst is formed
echinococcus granulosus
126
humans are accidental, dead end host
ingestion of eggs causes the release of onchospheres, penetration of gut, dissemination, formation of cyst
echinococcus granulosus
127
pastoral infections
definitive host echinococcus granulosus
dog
128
pastoral infections
intermediate host echinococcus granulosus
sheep
129
alaska/canada infections
definitive host echinococcus granulosus
wolves
130
alaska/canada infections
intermediate host echinococcus granulosus
moose/caribou
131
california infection
definitive host echinococcus granulosus
coyotes
132
california infection
intermediate host echinococcus granulosus
deer
133
cysts may rupture causing fever, pruritis, urticaria, anaphylaxis, dissemination, death
echinococcus granulosus
134
diagnosis echinococcus granulosus
radiologic and clinical presentation
**aspiration of cyst contraindicated due to risk of rupture
135
treatment
wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia
loa loa
diethylcarbamazine
