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GCSE Biology > B2.2 - The Challenge Of Size > Flashcards

B2.2 - The Challenge Of Size Flashcards

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1
Q

The larger the organism or structure, is the surface area to volume ratio higher or lower?

A

Lower

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2
Q

The amount of oxygen required for respiration is determined by the amount of ….

A

Living cells in the organism

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3
Q

What is the formula for Fick’s Law (the rate of diffusion)?

A

Surface area x difference in concentration
______________________________________________
Length of diffusion path (membrane thickness)

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4
Q

How do alveoli contribute to more effective gas exchange in human lungs?

A

Significantly increases the surface area to volume ratio, allowing more effective gas exchange between blood capillaries.

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5
Q

What is the site for nutrient absorption?

A

The small intestine

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6
Q

What are villi?

A

Simple folds on the walls of the small intestine, which increase surface area.

Microvilli further increase this surface area

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7
Q

Why are transport systems needed in multicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio. They need transport systems to be able to get all of the substances that cells need to the correct place.

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8
Q

Why is it that as organisms get larger they need more complex transport structures?

A

They are larger, so they need to be able to get nutrients and oxygen/carbon dioxide across a larger space.

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the circulatory system?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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10
Q

What are the two types of blood?

A

Oxygenated, high in 02
Deoxygenated, high in CO2

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11
Q

Why can’t the two blood types mix?

A

The circulatory system is in two parts
This is called a double circulatory system

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12
Q

Which side of the heart transports deoxygenated blood?

A

Right side

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13
Q

Which side of the heart transports oxygenated blood?

A

Left

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14
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Transports oxygenated blood at high pressure away from the heart

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15
Q

How do arteries adapt to their function?

A

The small size of the lumen means the blood will be under high pressure
The elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure
The thick muscles contract to push the blood along

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16
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood at low pressure back into the heart from the body

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17
Q

How do veins adapt to their function?

A

The large size of the lumen means that the blood will be under low pressure

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18
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

To stop blood from going in the wrong direction

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19
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

The link between arterioles and venules (smaller branches of the arteries and veins)
Essential for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells - can only occur through them

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20
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

They have thin walls so oxygen, nutrients and waste can pass in and out of them

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21
Q

Arteries or veins?
Carries blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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22
Q

Arteries or veins?
Returns blood to the heart

A

Veins

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23
Q

Arteries or veins?
Thicker walls

A

Arteries

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24
Q

Arteries or veins?
Wider lumen

A

Veins

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25
Q

Arteries or veins?
High pressure

A

Arteries

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26
Q

Arteries or veins?
Lower pressure

A

Veins

27
Q

Arteries or veins?
Valves

A

Veins

28
Q

Arteries or veins?
Blood is oxygenated and bright red

A

Arteries

29
Q

Arteries or veins?
Contains less O2 and deoxygenated

A

Veins

30
Q

What is the definition of myogenic?

A

Contracts without nerve stimulation

31
Q

What is unique about the heart compared to other muscles?

A

Made of cardiac muscle found nowhere else in the body
Never tires

32
Q

Many heart cells contract to form a …

A

Heart beat

33
Q

How many chambers are in the heart (and name)?

A

4
Left/right atrium
Left/right ventricle

34
Q

What are the top 2 chambers of the heart called?

A

Left/right atrium

35
Q

What are the bottom 2 chambers of the heart called?

A

Left/right ventricle

36
Q

What is blood flow through the chambers controlled by?

A

One-directional valves

37
Q

How do valves prevent backflow?

A

Blood naturally pushes against the valve, but it remains firmly shut

38
Q

Why does the left ventricle need a thicker wall?

A

It has to pump blood all over the body, so it needs to generate a stronger “squeeze” on the blood

39
Q

What are the two transport systems in the plant?

A

Xylem
Phloem

40
Q

What is the function of the xylem tissue?

A

Transports water and mineral ions from the roots up to the stem, leaves and flowers

41
Q

How do the roots take in water?

A

Osmosis

42
Q

How do the roots take in mineral ions?

A

Active transport

43
Q

What is the function of the phloem tissue?

A

Transports dissolved sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to all other areas of the plant.

44
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of dissolved sugars in the plant

45
Q

Where are sugars taken to during translocation?

A

Meristems to take make new plant cells
Storage tissues in the roots, providing an energy store

46
Q

What is a vascular bundle?

A

The structure formed by the phloem and xylem tissues

47
Q

What are the two functions of the vascular bundle?

A

Transport of nutrients
Provides support for the plant

48
Q

What are the key differences between the xylem and phloem?

A

Phloem has 2-way flow
Xylem has 1 way flow

Xylem transports water and mineral ions
Phloem transports dissolved sugars

No end walls between xylem cells
Sieve plates (cell walls with small holes) between phloem cells

Phloem goes from leaves to rest of plant
Xylem goes from roots to rest of plant

Xylem walls made of lignified dead cells
Phloem walls made of living phloem cells

49
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from the leaves of the plant

50
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The constant flow of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves

51
Q

How do roots adapt for osmosis?

A

Root hairs increase surface area for osmosis

52
Q

How does water enter the xylem?

A

Water diffuses from the soil into the root hairs.
Travels from cell to cell until it reaches the centre of the root and inside the xylem

53
Q

How is water lost from the leaves?

A

The guard cells open and close the stomata.
Water then evaporates from the cells in the leaf and water vapour diffuses out of the leaf

54
Q

What are the four factors affecting transpiration?

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Air movement/wind
Humidity

55
Q

What is the formula for rate of transpiration?

A

Rate of movement = distance
__________
Diameter

56
Q

How does water get up through trees?

A

The cohesion-tension theory states that water can move up against gravity because the molecules stick together

57
Q

State and explain where you are most likely to find most stomata in a leaf?

A

You are most likely to find stomata on the bottom of the leaf, as it prevents the leaf from drying up too quickly

58
Q

What is the role of guard cells in the opening and closing of the stomata?

A

They surround each stoma and help regulate the rate of transportation by opening and closing the stomata
The main trigger to opening and closing the stomata is light

59
Q

What are the factors affecting transpiration?

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air movement
Humidity

60
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Provides more heat energy for the plant, increasing the rate at which the water evaporates

61
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

Provides more heat energy for the plant, increasing the rate at which the water evaporates

62
Q

How does air movement affect transpiration?

A

Increased air movement moves water vapour away from the plant, which keeps the water potential outside of the plant low.
This keeps a higher concentration gradient, so the rate of osmosis will be higher.

63
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

The more humid it is, the lower the rate of transpiration, because there will be a higher water potential outside of the plant.

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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