B2 Further Science Concepts in Health Flashcards
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against antigens in the joints which attack the normal cells in the body
what are the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on physical health?
When antibodies attack the synovial membrane this leads to soreness and inflammation. As a result, chemicals are released that damage nearby bones,cartilages, tendons and ligaments.
what are the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on mental health?
This can lead some ppl to develop depression or other emotions such as frustration, fear, anger, and resentment.
what are 3 ways common treatments can relieve rheumatoid arthritis symptoms?
Physiotherapists can help strengthen muscles and make joints more flexible. They might be able to help with pain relief using heat or ice packs
What is the cause of muscular dystrophy disease?
By mutations in the genes
What are 4 impacts muscular dystrophy has in physical health?
dysphagia (swallowing problems)
What are the 4 types of muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
What is coronary heart disease?
When coronary arteries get narrow or blocked due to a build up of fatty substances in the walls of the arteries
What is a heart attack?
This is when a clot completely blocks the artery. Which means that the heart muscle supplied by that artery becomes starved of oxygen and glucose and starts to die
What are 3 risk factors of CHD?
-Hypertension
-Smoking
-High cholesterol
What are 3 symptoms of CHD?
-chest pain , as the heart muscle becomes starved of food
- feeling faint
- shortness of breath, as the heart is less able to pump blood around the body
What is ischaemia?
When a whole segment of the heart muscle is starved of oxygen
What can untreated CHD lead to?
Heart attacks
What are 3 common treatments that can relieve CHD?
.statins
.lifestyle changes
.blood thinning medicines
list all the bones of the musculoskeletal system (17)
cranium
vertebrae
clavicle
sternum
rib cage
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
pelvis
femur
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
What are the 5 types of bones?
Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Why is the skeleton important?
Provides protection and support. It allows for the attachment of muscle/ligaments and is a source of blood production and stored minerals such as calcium.
What do muscles do?
They allow for movement and provides support
How many bones are there in a human body?
206
What type of bone is the femur?
Long bone
What type of bone is the skull?
flat and irregular
What type of connective tissue joins bone to bone?
ligaments
What are muscles made up of?
Tiny fibres called myofibrils
What are myofibrils made of
actin and myosin
What is a sarcomere?
The repeated, contractile unit of a myofibril
What is it called when the myosin site attaches to the actin active site?
a cross bridge
What is the role of ATP?
It breaks down to release eagerly that allows myosin to pull the actin along, when it binds to the head it causes the cross bridge to break
What is the ratchet mechanic?
The repeated pulling of the myosin on the actin filament
What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that initiates the sliding filament theory?
calcium ions
What prevents the myosin heads attaching to actin when muscles are inactive (resting)?
The bonding site is being blocked by troponin and tropomyosin
What does the release of energy do to the myosin head at a bonding site
It causes the myosin head to de-attach
Describe the 4 steps involved in muscle contraction
1- the muscle depolarises which causes calcium ions to be released
2- the calcium ions allow the cross bridge to form, this is when the myosin attaches to actin at the binding site
3- the breakdown of ATP releases energy needed for the myosin ratchet movement and release of myosin from the binding site
4- the myosin gets back to its original position ready to form another cross bridge if stimulation continues
Where are cardiac muscles found
only in the heart
Where are smooth muscles found?
In the walls of blood vessels, organs and sphincters
Where are striated muscles found?
attached to the bone
What is respiration?
The process of releasing energy from glucose
What do the arteries do?
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
What do veins do?
Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart
What do capillaries do?
They carry blood into tissues and allows for the exchange of substances with individual cells
What does the plasma do?
Carries hormones , glucose, waste and urea
What do red blood cells do
carries oxygen
What is the role on platelets?
blood clotting
What are the different stages of the cell cycle?
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole
What happens to blood in the diastole stage of the cell cycle?
The chambers are relaxed and the atria fills with blood
What happens to blood in the atrial systole stage of the cell cycle?
The atria contracts and blood is pushed into the ventricles
What happens to blood in the ventricular systole stage of the cell cycle?
The ventricles contract and push blood out through the aorta and pulmonary arteries
What is a pacemaker?
The sinoatrial node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, It produces an electric impulse that stimulates the heart to contract
What is an EGC?
A test that records the electrical activity of your heart and can be used to determine the heart rate and rhythm
What does the plasma do?
Carries hormones , glucose, waste and urea
