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Health and Midwifery > B2 Further Science Concepts in Health > Flashcards

B2 Further Science Concepts in Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against antigens in the joints which attack the normal cells in the body

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2
Q

what are the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on physical health?

A

When antibodies attack the synovial membrane this leads to soreness and inflammation. As a result, chemicals are released that damage nearby bones,cartilages, tendons and ligaments.

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3
Q

what are the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on mental health?

A

This can lead some ppl to develop depression or other emotions such as frustration, fear, anger, and resentment.

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4
Q

what are 3 ways common treatments can relieve rheumatoid arthritis symptoms?

A

Physiotherapists can help strengthen muscles and make joints more flexible. They might be able to help with pain relief using heat or ice packs

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5
Q

What is the cause of muscular dystrophy disease?

A

By mutations in the genes

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6
Q

What are 4 impacts muscular dystrophy has in physical health?

A

dysphagia (swallowing problems)

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of muscular dystrophy?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

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8
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When coronary arteries get narrow or blocked due to a build up of fatty substances in the walls of the arteries

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9
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

This is when a clot completely blocks the artery. Which means that the heart muscle supplied by that artery becomes starved of oxygen and glucose and starts to die

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10
Q

What are 3 risk factors of CHD?

A

-Hypertension
-Smoking
-High cholesterol

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11
Q

What are 3 symptoms of CHD?

A

-chest pain , as the heart muscle becomes starved of food
- feeling faint
- shortness of breath, as the heart is less able to pump blood around the body

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12
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

When a whole segment of the heart muscle is starved of oxygen

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13
Q

What can untreated CHD lead to?

A

Heart attacks

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14
Q

What are 3 common treatments that can relieve CHD?

A

.statins
.lifestyle changes
.blood thinning medicines

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15
Q

list all the bones of the musculoskeletal system (17)

A

cranium
vertebrae
clavicle
sternum
rib cage
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
pelvis
femur
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Synovial
Cartilaginous

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18
Q

Why is the skeleton important?

A

Provides protection and support. It allows for the attachment of muscle/ligaments and is a source of blood production and stored minerals such as calcium.

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19
Q

What do muscles do?

A

They allow for movement and provides support

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20
Q

How many bones are there in a human body?

A

206

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21
Q

What type of bone is the femur?

A

Long bone

22
Q

What type of bone is the skull?

A

flat and irregular

23
Q

What type of connective tissue joins bone to bone?

A

ligaments

24
Q

What are muscles made up of?

A

Tiny fibres called myofibrils

25
Q

What are myofibrils made of

A

actin and myosin

26
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The repeated, contractile unit of a myofibril

27
Q

What is it called when the myosin site attaches to the actin active site?

A

a cross bridge

28
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

It breaks down to release eagerly that allows myosin to pull the actin along, when it binds to the head it causes the cross bridge to break

29
Q

What is the ratchet mechanic?

A

The repeated pulling of the myosin on the actin filament

30
Q

What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that initiates the sliding filament theory?

A

calcium ions

31
Q

What prevents the myosin heads attaching to actin when muscles are inactive (resting)?

A

The bonding site is being blocked by troponin and tropomyosin

32
Q

What does the release of energy do to the myosin head at a bonding site

A

It causes the myosin head to de-attach

33
Q

Describe the 4 steps involved in muscle contraction

A

1- the muscle depolarises which causes calcium ions to be released
2- the calcium ions allow the cross bridge to form, this is when the myosin attaches to actin at the binding site
3- the breakdown of ATP releases energy needed for the myosin ratchet movement and release of myosin from the binding site
4- the myosin gets back to its original position ready to form another cross bridge if stimulation continues

34
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found

A

only in the heart

35
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

In the walls of blood vessels, organs and sphincters

36
Q

Where are striated muscles found?

A

attached to the bone

37
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy from glucose

38
Q

What do the arteries do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

39
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart

40
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They carry blood into tissues and allows for the exchange of substances with individual cells

41
Q

What does the plasma do?

A

Carries hormones , glucose, waste and urea

42
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

carries oxygen

43
Q

What is the role on platelets?

A

blood clotting

44
Q

What are the different stages of the cell cycle?

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole

45
Q

What happens to blood in the diastole stage of the cell cycle?

A

The chambers are relaxed and the atria fills with blood

46
Q

What happens to blood in the atrial systole stage of the cell cycle?

A

The atria contracts and blood is pushed into the ventricles

47
Q

What happens to blood in the ventricular systole stage of the cell cycle?

A

The ventricles contract and push blood out through the aorta and pulmonary arteries

48
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

The sinoatrial node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, It produces an electric impulse that stimulates the heart to contract

49
Q

What is an EGC?

A

A test that records the electrical activity of your heart and can be used to determine the heart rate and rhythm

50
Q

What does the plasma do?

A

Carries hormones , glucose, waste and urea

Health and Midwifery (13 decks)

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