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B1 Core Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need exchange surfaces?

A

To remove the waste products

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2
Q

What substances need to be removed from the body?

A

Carbon dioxide
Urea

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3
Q

How does the body make sure it gets the basic requirements for sustaining life?

A

By specialised exchanged surfaces and transport systems

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4
Q

What are specialised surfaces needed for?

A

To meet the demand of high activity levels in multicellular organisms

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5
Q

What are transport systems needed for?

A

To deliver materials to and from the exchange surface

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6
Q

What are the features of a good exchange rate?

A

Permeable
Very thin membranes

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7
Q

Why do exchange surfaces need to be permeable?

A

So that substances can readily diffuse in and out of the cell

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8
Q

Why is thin membranes important in in exchange surfaces?

A

Diffusion is the only effective over short distances

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9
Q

What is the relationship between the size and surface area to volume ratio of organisms?

A

As the organism gets bigger, the surface area to volume ration get smaller.

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10
Q

What are the 3 main things cell membranes are made of?

A

Phospolipds
Cholesterol
Protein

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11
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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12
Q

What is the function of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

A

To arrange themselves into a bilayer with polar head exposed to the outside and inside the cell

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13
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

Regulates the fluidity and permeability of the membrane

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14
Q

What is the function of integral proteins in the cell membrane?

A

To transport large molecules across the membrane

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15
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?

A

They are involved in the communication and some transport

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16
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?

A

Involved in cell recognition

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17
Q

What are the 3 different types of passive transport?

A

Osmosis
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport requires energy
Passive transport DOES NOT requires energy

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19
Q

What is the exchange surfaces in the human respiratory system?

A

Alveoli in the lungs

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20
Q

What is the transport system used for?

A

Delivers materials to and from the exchange surfaces

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21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from and area of high concentration to low concentration

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22
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

This model describes the arrangement of molecules in the membrane: fluid bc the phospholipid are constantly moving and mosaic bc the proteins molecules are scattered throughout the phospholipids like tiles in a mosaic

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23
Q

What is complimentary base paring important?

A

It allows each DNA strand to act as as template during DNA replication so that it can be copied perfectly.
It also means that DNA can be transcribed into a mRNA molecule.

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24
Q

What is genetic codes?

A

A sequence of bases

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25
What is DNA made of?
Phosphate Nitrogenous base ( A C G T) Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
26
What is RNA made of?
Phosphate Pentose sugar (ribose) Nitrogenous base (A C G U)
27
What does the bases in DNA stand for?
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
28
What’s are DNA’s complimentary based?
A and T C and G
29
What are 3 main functions of DNA
Cell division Protein synthesis DNA replication
30
What does DNA and RNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid
31
What is the function of RNA?
To transfer genetic information to the ribosome for protein synthesis
32
What are the characteristics of bacterium
0.5 um- 5 um prokaryotic cell
33
What are the characteristics of fungus?
5um- 50um Eukaryotic cell
34
What are the characteristics of protist?
1um-2mm Eukaryotic cell
35
What are the characteristics of virus
20 nm - 350 nm
36
What does pathogen mean?
Microorganisms which are the causative agents of disease
37
What diseases can bacteria pathogens cause?
Chlamydia Gonorrhoea Tuberculosis
38
What diseases can virus pathogens cause?
Common cold Mumps Measles
39
What diseases can fungi pathogens cause?
Yeast infection
40
What diseases can prion pathogens cause?
CJD
41
What diseases can protist pathogens cause?
Malaria
42
What are 3 direct ways that pathogens can enter the body?
Sharing of needles Unprotected sexual contact Physical contact w an infection person or contaminated surface
43
What are 2 indirect ways pathogens can enter the body?
Vehicle transmission eg ingesting infected food or water Being bitten by an infected vector eg insect bites
44
What are 3 ways that infectious diseases can spread amongst populations?
Inadequate sanitation Lacy of social distancing due to dense population Lack of accessible health promotion information
45
What is an antigen?
A substance that is recognised by the immune system as self or non self and stimulates an immune response.
46
What is an antibody?
A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
47
What are 2 links between the antigen and the initiation of the body’s response to invasion of foreign substances?
Recognition of non self antigen leading to the initiation of an immune response. Ability of the body to be able to recognise self and non self antigens.
48
What are 3 roles of non specific defences to protect the body from foreign substances.
Use of physical and chemical barriers Inflammation Phagocytosis
49
What are 2 roles of specific defences to protect the body from foreign substances?
Actions of the T cells actions of the b cells
50
What is the role of T and B cells?
They trigger a stronger and more rapid immune response after encountering the same antigen.
51
What is injury?
Damage to the body caused by external forces.
52
How does the body respond to injury
Involuntary inflammation response Proliferation phase
53
What is trauma?
An injury that has the potential to cause disability or death.
54
What are 6 ways the body reacts to trauma?
Involuntary inflammation response Loss of organ function Haemorrhaging Multi organ failure Proliferation phase Bone structure deformity/damage/loss of structure
55
What is the role of MRI scanning in the detection and monitoring or traumas and injuries?
Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of inside the body.
56
What are 2 considerations that should be taken into account before using MRI scans?
Patients medical history including implants containing magnetic metals. Preparing the patient including removing all external metal objects.
57
What is epidemiology?
The study and analysis of the distribution and patterns of disease in population and why they occur.
58
What is incidence?
The occurrence of new cases of disease, injuries or other medical conditions over an specified period of time.
59
What is prevalence?
The proportion of a population with a disease or a particular condition at a specific point in time.
60
What is mortality?
The occurrence of death
61
What is a mortality rate?
The frequency of death in a population over a specific period of time.
62
What is morbidity?
The state of having a disease or medical condition.
63
What are 5 used of epidemiology?
Identify the causes of diesease Determine the extent of the disease Identify the trends and patterns of the incidence of the disease Study the progression of disease Develop public health policy and preventative measures
64
How does communication help prevent the the spread of disease?
Raising awareness of required behaviours through a range of mediums eg media campaigns
65
How does policies and systems help prevent the spread of disease?
Systematic changes to procedures, regulations or law to enforce required behaviours eg applying restrictions
66
How does educational programs help prevent the spread of disease?
It improves knowledge and empowers individuals to adapt their own behaviour
67
How does homeostasis contribute to maintaining a healthy body?
It’s maintains stability and function of the physiological systems and cells when there are changes to internal and external condition that would otherwise prevent enzymes from functioning normally
68
Topographical Anatomical Physiological
Topographical- by bodily region or system Anatomical- by organ or tissue Physiological- by function or effect
69
3 facts about the Alpha particle
.consists of 2 neutrons and 2 protons .high ionising but low penetrating power -range is 1 to 2 centimetres of air
70
3 facts about beta particles
.a high-speed electron ejected from the nucleus as the neutron turns to a proton .medium ionising and perpetrating power .range is approximately 15 centimetres of air
71
3 facts about gamma particles
.electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus .low ionising and high penetrating power .range is many kilometres of air
72
What is half life?
The time taken for half of the unstable nuclei in a sample to decay
73
What are the units for kilograms, meters and seconds?
Kilograms- mass Meters- length Seconds- time
74
What are 2 reasons why it is important to use significant figures?
Makes calculations with large or small numbers less cumbersome Reduces the changes of error
75
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
76
What are proteins broken down by and what do they turn into?
Pepsin and trypsin Amino acids
77
What are lipids broken down by and what do they turn into?
Lipase Fatty acids
78
What are carbohydrates broken down by and what do they turn into?
Amalyse, sucrose,maltose and lactose Sugars?
79
What does it mean when an enzyme denatures?
That the enzyme has changed shape
80
What breaks down maltose into glucose?
Maltase
81
What breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Sucrase
82
What breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose?
Lactase
83
Why cant sucrase break down maltose?
The substrate maltose doesn’t have a complimentary shape to the active site of sucrase so the bind won’t form an emzyme substrate complex

Health and Midwifery (13 decks)

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