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Science year 8 > B2 Ecosystems > Flashcards

B2 Ecosystems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a producer

A

(Plants and algae)

Something that makes it’s own food

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2
Q

What are consumers

A

Animals that eat other organisms to survive

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3
Q

How do producers make their own food

A

Converting materials found in their environment into glucose, a carbohydrate, using sunlight

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4
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The chemical reaction in which I pants take in carbon dioxide and water and change then into glucose providing the plant with food

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5
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

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6
Q

Where does photosynthesis mainly occur

A

In the chloroplasts in the leaf cells - though a small amount happens in the stem

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7
Q

How does photosynthesis work

A

The plant takes in carbon dioxide through tiny holes in the leaf. Water is collected through the grind and root hair cells. The sunlight is absorbed by the chlorophyll then the reaction occurs and the products glucose and oxygen are left

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8
Q

How does water get into a plant

A

It diffuses into the root hair cells and transported around the plant in xylem tubes

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9
Q

What are xylem tubes

A

The tubes in the plant that transfers water around

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10
Q

How do gases get in and out of the leaf

A

Through the tiny holes found on the bottom of the leaf called stomata.
Stomata are opened and closed by guard cells - they open during the day and close at night

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11
Q

Why are leaves green

A

Because they contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight

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12
Q

Why are leaves thin

A

To allow gases to diffuse in and out easily

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13
Q

Why do leaves have a large surface area

A

To absorb as much light as possible

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14
Q

Why do leaves have veins

A

These are xylem tubes they transport water and phloem tubes which transports glucose

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15
Q

Why is the underneath of a green leaf lighter than the top

A

Because the cells in the bottom of the leaf contain fewer chloroplasts which means less chlorophyll

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16
Q

Why does the top of the leaf feel waxier than the bottom which is dryer

A

Because the waxy layer reduces the amount of water evaporating out of the leaf - the sun heats up the top of the leaf which means more water will turn to escape

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17
Q

What are the two main leaf layers

A

Palisade layer

Spongy layer

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18
Q

What does the palisade layer do

A

Connects cells packed with chloroplasts - this is where most of the photosynthesis happens

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19
Q

What does the spongy layer do

A

Contains the air spaces allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen to diffuse out

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20
Q

What minerals do plant need

A

Nitrates
Phosphates
Potassium
Magnesium

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21
Q

Why do plant need nitrates

A

(Contain nitrogen) for healthy growth

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22
Q

Why do plants need phosphates

A

(Contains phosphorus) for healthy roots

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23
Q

Why do plants need potassium

A

For healthy leaves and flowers

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24
Q

Why do plants need magnesium

A

For making chlorophyll

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25
Q

Where do plants get minerals from

A

From the soil - the mineral are dissolved into the soil water and whosoever into the root hair cells

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26
Q

What is a mineral dificienty

A

When a plant doesn’t get enough minerals

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of a burnt rate deficiency

A

Plant will ok have poor growth and older leaves are yellowed

28
Q

What are the symptoms of a magnesium deficiency

A

Plant leaves will turn yellow

29
Q

What are the symptoms of a phosphorus deficiency

A

Plant will have poor root growth and younger leaves look purple

30
Q

What are the symptoms of a potassium deficiency

A

Has yellow leaves with dead patches

31
Q

Why are nitrates so important for plants

A

They are involved in making amino acids - they join together to form proteins. These proteins are needed for cell growth, to grow the leaves and shoots

32
Q

Why is magnesium so important for a plant

A

Because the chlorophyll molecule contains magnesium- if the plant can’t get enough magnesium it can’t make as much chlorophyll as it needs

33
Q

Why do farmers use fertilisers

A

Because when crops are harvested minerals are removed from the ground. So to prevent further crops suffering from a mineral deficiency farmers add chemicals to the soil to replace the missing minerals

34
Q

How do cells transfer energy

A

Form organic molecules in the food you eat. To transfer the energy stored in food glucose reacts with oxygen in a chemical reaction called aerobic respiration

35
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

36
Q

Where does respiration happen

A

Inside tiny structures inside you cells called mitochondria

Muscles carry out a lot of respiration so they contain lots of mitochondria

37
Q

How does glucose get into your cells

A

Glucose in a carb found in food- digestion breaks down food into small molecules releasing the glucose molecules. The molecules are absorbed by the wall in the small intestine into your blood stream and then carried around you body in the liquid part of you blood called PLASMA

38
Q

How does oxygen get into cells

A

Oxygen fills the alveoli in your lungs when you breath in. The oxygen then diffuses into you bloodstream and is carried by red bleeding of cells in your body - they contain haemoglobin. When it reaches a cell requiring oxygen it diffuses in

39
Q

How does carbon dioxide leave your body

A

You get rid of it when you exhale. It diffuses out of your cells and into blood plasma. The blood transports it to the lungs where is diffuses in to the air sacs and is then exhaled

40
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

A type of respiration that does not use oxygen

41
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used

A

When doing sprints or when the body needs energy quickly

42
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose —> lactic acid (+energy)

43
Q

What does you body normally respire aerobically

A

Aerobic respiration transfers more energy per glucose molecule
The lactic acidosis produced from anaerobic respiration can cause painful cramps in you muscles

44
Q

What other animals might anaerobic respiration take place in

A

When a fox chases a rabbit

45
Q

What is fermentation

A

A chemical reaction used by microorganisms to convert glucose into ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy

46
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)

47
Q

What products are made using fermentation

A

Bread, beer and wine

48
Q

How do you make bread

A

Bakers mix flour, water and yeast together. The yeast ferments the carbohydrates in the flour into ethanol and carbon dioxide - the gas trapped in the dough makes it rise.
When the dough is baked the ethanol evaporates

49
Q

What is a food chain

A

A diagram that shows what an organism eats - it shows the transfer of energy between organisms

50
Q

What are the features of a food chain

A

The first organism is the producer (grass)
The second organism is a herbivore (zebra)
The third organism is a carnivore (lion)
The arrows show the transfer of energy

51
Q

What is prey

A

An animal that is eaten by another animal

52
Q

What is a predator

A

An animal that eats other animals

53
Q

What would happen if a food chain had more than four or five links

A

Too little energy would be transfers to organisms at the top of the chain

54
Q

What happens as you go up a food train

A

Some of the energy is transferred to the surroundings this means that each level of the food chain has less energy transferred

55
Q

What is a top predator

A

An animal no eaten by any other animals - it’s always the last link in the food chain

56
Q

What is a food web

A

A set of linked food chains

57
Q

What do food webs show us

A

The feeding relationships of organisms more realistically

58
Q

What is interdependence

A

The way living organisms depend on each other to survive, grow and reproduce

59
Q

What is a population

A

The number of animals or plants of the same species that live in the same area

60
Q

What is bioaccumulation

A

The build up if toxic chemicals inside organisms in a food chain

61
Q

What is an example of bioaccumulation

A

When there are toxins in a river, fish absorb these, the seal eats the fish which contains toxins, a shark eats the seal now it also contains toxins

62
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

An ecosystem is the name given to the plants animals that are found in a particular location and area which they live in

63
Q

What is a community

A

The plants and animals found in a particular area

These are the organisms that make up a community

64
Q

What is a habitat

A

The place where an animal or plant lives

65
Q

What is a niche

A

The particular place or role that an organism has in an ecosystem

66
Q

What does co-exist mean

A

When plants abs animals in a community and a habitat live in the same place at the same time

Science year 8 (10 decks)

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