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IGCSE Edexcel Biology > B2 Characteristics of Living Organisms, Levels of Organisation, Cell Structure T2-4 > Flashcards

B2 Characteristics of Living Organisms, Levels of Organisation, Cell Structure T2-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

cvvAll living things do…

A

MRS C GREN

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2
Q

MRS C GREN

A

Movement - growth response/movement of the whole organism
Respiration - produces ATP (molecule that gives energy to cells)
Sensitivity - detecting changes in the surroundings
Control - making sure temperature, pH and chemical composition remains constant
Growth - increase in cell number
Reproduction - producing offspring
Excretion - getting rid of waste products
Nutrition - taking in and using food (feeding and eating)

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3
Q

Examples of how humans carry out MRS C GREN

A

Movement - muscle contractions in running
Respiration - reaction that takes place in mitochondria which releases energy
Sensitivity - light (seeing), sound (hearing)
Control - sweat (controling body temp by cooling when hot)
Growth - increase in cell number
Reproduction - sperm and egg fuse in fertilisation + foetus grows in uterus
Excretion - get rid of carbon dioxide
Nutrition - we eat food and gain vitamins

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4
Q

Levels of Organisation - smallest to largest

A

organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system

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5
Q

What are the levels of organisation

A

organelle - part of a cell that carries out a specific function e.g. nucleus, chloroplasts, cell membrane
cell - smallest unit of living things e.g. red blood cells
tissue - groups of cells that have a similar shape, working together to carry out a fucntion e.g. muscles
organ - sveral different types of tissure working together to carry out a similar function e.g. heart, lungs, kidneys
organ system - group of organs with related functions working together e.g. circulatory, digestive, respiratory

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6
Q

Organelles just in plant cells

A
  • chloroplasts
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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7
Q

Organells in both animal and plant

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
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8
Q

Describe what the nucleus does

A

controls the cell - growth and reproduction

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9
Q

Describe what the cytoplasm does

A

where chemical reactions take place

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10
Q

Describe what the cell membrane does

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell
(thin semi-permeable membrane)

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11
Q

Describe what the cell wall does

A

gives structual support and is made of cellulose

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12
Q

Describe what the chloroplast does

A

site of photosynthesis - absorbs light
(has green chlorophyll)

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13
Q

Describe what the vacuole does

A

stores cell sap to strengthen cell

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14
Q

Describe what the mitochondria do

A

site of aerobic respiration -> providing energy for cell

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15
Q

Describe what the ribosomes do

A

where protein synthesis happens

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16
Q

What are stem cells?

A

a cell that hasn’t become a specialised cell

17
Q

Define differentiation

A

a cell specialises to carry out a specific function

18
Q

How do specialised cells differ to stem cells?

A

specialised cells have different shapes of organells and carry out a specific function

19
Q

Describe how stem cells can potentially treat diseases

A
  1. remove stem cells from patient
  2. treat with cemicals to stimulate differentistion
  3. inject back into patients
19
Q

Describe how stem cells can potentially treat diseases

A
  1. remove stem cells from patient
  2. treat with cemicals to stimulate differentistion
  3. inject back into patients
20
Q

Where are stem cells found in the human body

A
  • bone marrow
  • brain
21
Q

Conditions that can be treated using stem cells

A
  • anaemia
  • stroke
  • muscular dystrophy
    *** brain injury/Alzeihmers - neural cells
  • spinal cord injury - nerve cells**
22
Q

Risks

A
  1. may have mutations - not always successful
  2. may be infected with virus
  3. stem cells could continue to divide and not differentiate, could become cancerous
23
Q

Where stem cells can be found

A
  • unused embryos - can produce any cell type - ethical issues over using 3-4 day embryos
  • adult - body less likely to reject, no ethical issues - not all cell types can be produced
24
Q

Which type of stem cells are most useful?

A

Adult - body less likely to reject cells and no ethical issues

25
Q

Why scientists prefer to use adult over embryonic

A
  1. no ethical issues
  2. adult less likely to reject
  3. don’t need to abort embryos
26
Q

Benefits of stem cells in medicine

A
  1. can replace damaged cells e.g. multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, paralysis due to spinal cord injury
  2. bone marrow adult transplants can treat blood cell cancers e.g. leukaemia
  3. no rejection - made from patient’s own cells

IGCSE Edexcel Biology (28 decks)

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