B1c Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What is a gene?
Base sequence of DNA that codes for the sequence of amino acids/primary structure of a polypeptide
What is the gene locus?
The fixed position of a gene on a particular DNA molecule/chromosome
What is a triplet?
A sequence of 3 DNA bases which codes for a specific amino acid.
The genetic code is universal. What does this mean?
A particular triplet codes for the same amino acid in all living organisms.
The genetic code is non-overlapping. What does this mean?
Triplets are read sequentially
The genetic code is degenerate. What does this mean?
More than one DNA triplet can code for an amino acid.
Name the molecule shown in the diagram
tRNA
What is an exon?
The sequences within a gene that code for the polypeptide.
What is an intron?
A non-coding sequence of bases in a gene that do not code for the amino acid sequence. Removed during splicing
Where are non-coding multiple repeats of base sequence found?
Between genes in eukaryotes
Name the process happening in the diagram
Transcription
What is a genome?
Complete set of genes in a cell.
What is a proteome?
The full range of proteins that a cell is able to make
Name the enzyme needed to join mRNA nucleotides.
RNA polymerase
Describe the structure of mRNA
Short linear RNA sequence that carries the genetic code for the construction of a polypeptide.
Describe the process of transcription
DNA helicase unwinds a gene on a the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds
Complementary RNA nucleotides diffuse and form hydrogen bonds with their complementary base pairs
RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides together with phosphodiester bonds
mRNA is formed
Describe the structure of tRNA
Linear RNA nucleotide which is folded into a clover leaf/hairpin shape and held in place by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
Where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
What happens during transcription?
Production on mRNA from DNA
What is removed from pre-mRNA to form mRNA in eukaryotic cells?
Introns
What is translation?
The production of of polypeptide from the sequence of codons
carried on the mRNA.
Name the organelle shown in the picture
Ribosome
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
Where, in the cell, does translation take place?
In the cytoplasm.
Name the organelle responsible for translation.
Ribosome
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
Carries a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.
The anticodon determines which amino acid it carries.
What is the role of ATP in protein synthesis/translation?
Provides the energy required to join amino acids together.
What is an anticodon?
Sequence of 3 bases on tRNA molecule which is complementary to the codon on the mRNA
Name the process happening in the diagram
Transcription
What is a ribosome made of?
Protein and ribosomal RNA
