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1. A level master > A2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

A2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bond that joins two monosaccharides.

A

Glyosidic

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2
Q

Name the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are joined.

A

Maltose

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3
Q

Name the type of reaction used to join monosaccharides together.

A

Condensation reaction

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4
Q

Name the molcule shown below

A

Alpha glucose

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5
Q

Name the molecule shown below

A

Fructose

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6
Q

Name the molecule shown below

A

Beta glucose

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7
Q

Name the carbohydrate formed when glucose and fructose are joined together.

A

Sucrose

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8
Q

Name the sugar made when galactose and glucose condense

A

Lactose

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9
Q

Name three monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

Name the molecule shown in the picture

A

Maltose

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11
Q

Name the molcule shown in the picture

A

Sucrose

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12
Q

Name 2 polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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13
Q

Which elements are found in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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14
Q

Name the 2 molecules made when 2 glucose molecules are

joined by a glycosidic bond

A

Maltose and water

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15
Q

Which type of glucose is used to make starch?

A

Alpha glucose

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16
Q

Which type of glucose is used to make cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

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17
Q

Explain how the strucutre of glycogen is reelated to its function

A

Structure - polysaccharide of alpha glucose

Function - storage in animals

Helical shape so compact

Insoluble molecule so osmotically inactive

Branched so glucose is easily hydrolysed/added

Large so cannot leave cell

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18
Q

Explain how the strucutre of starch is reelated to its function

A

Structure - polysaccharide of alpha glucose

Function - storage in plants

Helical shape so compact

Insoluble molecule so osmotically inactive

Branched so glucose is easily hydrolysed/added

Large so cannot leave cell

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19
Q

Give three uses of phosphate in living organisms.

A

Makes phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA

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20
Q

Name the three different molecules found in ATP

A

Ribose, adenine and phosphate

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21
Q

Why is iron needed in living things?

A

Used to make haemoglobin which transports oxygen round the body.

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22
Q

Name the building blocks of triglycerides.

A

Glycerol and fatty acids.

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23
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated fatty acids have single carbon bonds between the carbon atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one carbon clarion double bond.

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24
Q

How do you test for a lipid?

A

Add ethanol to the test solution.
Mix gently
Pour liquid into cold water

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25
Q

What is a positive and negative result for a biochemical test for lipid

A

Positive - White emulsion
Negative - clear

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26
Q

Name the elements found in lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

27
Q

How many carbon atoms are found in glycerol

28
Q

Name the bond formed when a fatty acid and glycerol join.

A

Ester bond

29
Q

Name the type of reaction used to join fatty acids and glycerol

A

Condensation reaction

30
Q

Name the type of reaction used when lipid is digested.

A

Hydrolysis

31
Q

Describe how to test for starch

A

Add iodine to the test solution

32
Q

Describe the colour produced in a positive and negative test for starch.

A

Positive - blue or black
Negative- yellow, orange, brown

33
Q

Describe how to test for a reducing sugar

A

Add Benedict’s solution
Heat in a waterbath

34
Q

What colour is produced by a positive Benedict’s test?

A

Green, yellow, orange, brick red

35
Q

What colour is a negative result for a reducing sugar?

36
Q

Name 3 reducing sugars

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose

37
Q

Name a non-reducing sugar

38
Q

Describe how to test for a non-reducing sugar

A

Obtain a negative Benedict’s test
Add acid and heat
Add sodium hydrogen carbonate until it stops fizzing.
Add Benedict’s solution and heat

39
Q

Water has a high specific heat capacity. What does this mean?

A

It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water.

40
Q

Water has a high latent heat of vapourisation. What does this mean?
Why is this feature of water important in humans?

A

Takes a lot of heat to change liquid water into water vapour.
Used for cooling the body. The evaporation of sweat removes heat from the skin/blood.

41
Q

Water is a polar molecule. What does this mean?

A

It has a slight positive and negative charge. The hydrogen atoms gain a slight positive charge and the oxygen atom gains a slight negative charge.

42
Q

Water is an excellent solvent. What does this mean and why is it important?

A

Water allows lots of solutes to dissolve in it.
Chemicals dissolve in the water in the blood and can be carried round the body to every cell.

43
Q

Name the bond that joins cellulose molecules together.

A

Hydrogen bonds

44
Q

Why is ATP a good intermediate energy source?

A

Single step hydrolysis reaction releases energy.
Energy released in small amounts
Energy can be transferred to other molecules to make them more reactive.

45
Q

Name the enzyme used to make ATP.

A

ATP synthetase

46
Q

Name the enzyme used to hydrolyse ATP.

A

ATP hydrolase

47
Q

Why are sodium ions required in the body.

A

Needed to do-transport glucose and amino acids from the ileum into the epithelium cells.

48
Q

Water molecules show cohesion.what does this mean and state where it is important in biology.

A

Water molecules are hydrogen bonded to each other.

Supports columns of water in xylem vessels - transpiration
Produce surface tension - allows animals to ‘walk’ on water surface.

49
Q

Name two types of reaction that involve water.

A

Condensation and hydrolysis.

50
Q

In which processes is ATP made?

A

Respiration and photosynthesis.

51
Q

Complete the reaction

ATP + water ->

A

ADP and Pi

52
Q

Name the monomers used to make proteins.

A

Amino acid

53
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

54
Q

Name the bond that joins two amino acids together.

55
Q

Name the 2 substances made when two amino acids are joined together.

A

Dipeptide
Water

56
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

57
Q

Name the elements found in amino acids.

A

Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

58
Q

Name 3 biological molecules which contain nitrogen.

A

Proteins/amino acids (eg haemoglobin, chlorophyll)
ATP
DNA/RNA nucleotides/bases (eg mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
NAD/NADP/FAD
cAMP

59
Q

How is the structure cf cellulose suited to its function?

A

Beta glucose form long straight chains
Strong glyosidic bonds between glucose molecules
Hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecules add strength
Cellulose arranged into microfibrils and then fibres adding strength

60
Q

Name the monomers for the following polymers
Protein
Glycogen
Cellulose
DNA

A

Protein - amino acids
Glycogen - alpha glucose
Cellulose - beta glucose
DNA - nucleotides

61
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

A chemical bond forms between 2 molecules and a water molecule is produced.

62
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A water molecule is used to break a chemical bond between 2 molecules

63
Q

Describe how colorimetry could be used to find the unknown concentration of a glucose solution

A

Make standard solutions of glucose with known concentrations
Carry out a standardised Benedict’s test on each concentration and the unknown solution
Record absorbance of % transmission values
Plot calibration curve - absorbance or % transmission (y axis), concentration (x axis)
Record absorbance or % transmission value of unknown sample.
Use calibration curve to read off concentration

1. A level master (40 decks)

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