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Biology paper 2 > B18:BiodiversityAndEcosystem > Flashcards

B18:BiodiversityAndEcosystem Flashcards

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1
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the variety of all the different species of organisms on earth, or within an ecosystem

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2
Q

what does high biodiversity help to endure

A

the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species on another for food, shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment

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3
Q

how do humans reduce the amount of land available for other land and plants

A

by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste

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4
Q

what does the future of the human species on Earth rely on

A

us maintaining a good level of biodiversity

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5
Q

what human actions cause a reduction in biodiversity

A

land used to build houses, destroying land for farming, waste produced by humans, land being dug up for quarries

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6
Q

what does rapid growth in the human population and standard of living mean

A

increasingly more resources are used therefore more waste is produced

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7
Q

what happens if waste and chemical materials aren’t properly handled

A

pollution will be caused

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8
Q

what is sewage

A

wastewater and excrement

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9
Q

how can pollution occur on land

A

from landfill, toxic chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides which may also be washed from land to water

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10
Q

how can pollution occur in water

A

sewage, fertilisers and toxic chemicals

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11
Q

what does pollution do

A

kill plants and animals which can reduce biodiversity

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12
Q

how can pollution occur in the air

A

smoke and acidic gases

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13
Q

what does air pollution do to animals and plants

A

it can kill them which can reduce biodiversity

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14
Q

why has large scale deforestation occurred

A

to provide land for cattle and rice fields and to grow crops for biofuels

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15
Q

deforestation definition

A

the action of clearing a wide area of trees

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16
Q

what does the destruction of peat bogs do

A

reduces the area of this habitat and therefore the biodiversity that is associated with it

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17
Q

what does the decay/burning of peat release

A

carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

18
Q

what does peat produce

A

garden compost

19
Q

what gases in the environment are increasing

A

carbon dioxide and methane

20
Q

what gases are contributing to global warming

A

carbon dioxide and methane

21
Q

what are the biological consequences of global warming

A

loss of habitats when low-lying areas are flooded by rising sea levels, changes in the distribution pattern of species in areas where temperature or rainfall has changed, and changes to the migration patterns of animals

22
Q

what environmental changes affect the distribution of species in an ecosystem

A

water availability, temperature and atmospheric gases

23
Q

what are the environmental changes caused by

A

seasonal, geographical or caused by human interaction

24
Q

what have scientists and concerned citizens put in place

A

programmes to reduce the negative effects of humans on ecosystems and biodiversity

25
Q

what can trophic levels be represented by

A

numbers

26
Q

level 1

A

plants and algae

27
Q

level 2

A

primary consumer

28
Q

level 3

A

secondary consumer

29
Q

level 4

A

tertiary consumer

30
Q

what type of eater is a primary consumer

A

herbivore

31
Q

what type of eater is a secondary consumer

A

carnivores

32
Q

what are apex predators

A

carnivores with no predators

33
Q

how do decomposers break down plant and animal matter

A

by secreting enzymes into the environment, small soluble molecules then diffuse into the microorganism

34
Q

why are pyramids of biomass constructed

A

to represent the relative amount of biomass at each level of the food chain

35
Q

where is trophic level 1 in the pyramid

A

always at the bottom

36
Q

how much of the incident energy from light do producers transfer for photosynthesis

A

1%

37
Q

why do losses of biomass occur

A

not all of the ingested material is absorbed

38
Q

how much in a percentage of biomass is transferred to each level

A

10%

39
Q

where is biomass lost through

A

egested as faeces, lost as waste products such as carbon dioxide and water in respiration and water and urea in urine and large amounts of glucose are used in respiration

40
Q

what is food security

A

having enough food to feed a population

41
Q

factors that affect food security

A

increasing birth rates, changing diets, new pests and pathogens affecting farming, the cost of agricultural inputs, conflicts affecting access to food or water, environmental changes affecting food production

Biology paper 2 (10 decks)

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