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Biology paper 2 > B11:HormonalCoordination > Flashcards

B11:HormonalCoordination Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system

A

made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

how does the endocrine deliver the hormone

A

the blood carries the hormone to its target organ where an effect is produced, the target organ has receptors on the cell membrane that pick up the hormone molecules triggering a response

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3
Q

rapid hormone responses

A

insulin and adrenaline

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4
Q

what does insulin do

A

controls your blood glucose

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5
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

prepare your body for fight or flight

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6
Q

slow-acting hormones

A

growth hormones and sex hormones

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7
Q

what do slow-acting hormones have

A

a long-term effect

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8
Q

what do hormones provide for the body

A

chemical coordination and control for the body

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9
Q

examples of hormones that the pituitary gland produces

A

ADH which affects the amount of urine the kidneys produce and growth hormones which affect the rate of growth in children

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10
Q

what does FSH stand for

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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11
Q

what does FSH do

A

stimulates the ovaries to make the female sex hormone oestrogen

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12
Q

what does TSH do

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine that controls the rate of metabolism

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13
Q

where is adrenaline made

A

adrenal gland

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14
Q

where is oestrogen made

A

ovaries

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15
Q

where is sperm made

A

testes

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16
Q

key endocrine glands

A

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, ovaries, testes pancreas

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17
Q

where is insulin made

A

pancreas

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18
Q

glucose

A

the sugar used in respiration

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19
Q

glycogen

A

storage carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles

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20
Q

glucagon

A

a hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose

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21
Q

what happens when your blood glucose concentration rises

A

the pancreas produces insulin, the insulin allows glucose to move to cells where it is used, soluble glucose is converted to insoluble glycogen so your blood glucose level stays stable

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22
Q

what happens when your blood glucose concentration is too low

A

glycogen can be converted back into glucose at any point

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23
Q

what happens if the glycogen stores in the liver and muscles are full

A

any excess will be converted into lipids and stored, if this regularly occurs it can lead to obesity

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24
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes

A

when your pancreas doesn’t make enough or any insulin so your blood sugar isn’t controlled

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25
Q

what happens eventually if you don’t have insulin in your body

A

kidneys excrete glucose in the urine, you produce a lot of urine and feel thirsty all of the time

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26
Q

what age is type 1 diabetes most common in

A

young children and teenagers, genetic element to the disease

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27
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes

A

usually lack of exercise, obesity or both. Strong genetic tendency to develop type 2 diabetes

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28
Q

what happens in type 2 diabetes

A

the pancreas still makes insulin but less than you need, your body cells stop responding to the insulin you make

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29
Q

how is type 1 diabetes treated

A

by injecting insulin into the body

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30
Q

how is type 2 diabetes treated

A

by a carbohydrate-controlled diet and taking more exercise, if this doesn’t work then drugs may be needed

31
Q

thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates what

A

basal metabolic rate

32
Q

what does thyroxine play an important part in

A

growth and development

33
Q

why is adrenaline produced

A

in times of fear or stress

34
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

increase the heart rate, boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain on muscles

35
Q

what is thyroxine controlled by which adrenaline is not

A

negative feedback

36
Q

sperm duct function

A

carries sperm to the urethra

37
Q

penis function

A

places sperm into the vagina

38
Q

testes function

A

make sperm

39
Q

scrotum function

A

keeps the testes outside the body for maximum sperm production

40
Q

ovary function

A

produce eggs

41
Q

fallopian tube/oviduct function

A

where the egg travels to the uterus and may be fertilised

42
Q

cervix function

A

entrance to the uterus

43
Q

uterus function

A

fetus develops here

44
Q

vagina function

A

receives sperm during sexual intercourse

45
Q

what happens with eggs in puberty

A

begin to mature and one is released every 28 days at ovulation

46
Q

what is the main female reproductive hormone

A

oestrogen

47
Q

what is the main male reproductive hormone

A

testosterone

48
Q

what does testosterone do

A

stimulates sperm production

49
Q

what hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH,LH,oestrogen and progesterone

50
Q

what does LH stand for

A

luteinising hormone

51
Q

what does FSH do in the menstrual cycle

A

causes the eggs in the ovary to mature

52
Q

what does LH do in the menstrual cycle

A

stimulates the release of eggs at ovulation

53
Q

what do oestrogen and progesterone do in the menstrual cycle

A

stimulate the build-up and maintenance of the uterus lining

54
Q

what does progesterone also do in the menstrual cycle

A

maintains the lining of the uterus for around 10 days and inhibits FSH and LH

55
Q

what can fertility be controlled by

A

hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception

56
Q

examples of contraceptive methods

A

implants, patches, oral contraceptives, hormonal injections

57
Q

examples of barrier methods

A

condoms, diaphragms, spermicidal agents

58
Q

what can be used to stimulate ovulation in women with low FSH levels

A

FSH and LH

59
Q

what does IVF stand for

A

in vitro fertilisation

60
Q

how does IVF work

A

uses LH and FSH to stimulate maturation of eggs that are collected, fertilised, allowed to start development and replaced in the uterus

61
Q

advantages of IVF

A

having a child

62
Q

disadvantages of IVF

A

expensive, not always successful, health risks, multiple pregnancies, emotionally and physically stressful

63
Q

what are plants sensitive to

A

light and gravity

64
Q

the response of a plant to light

A

phototropism

65
Q

the response of a plant to gravity

A

gravitropism/geotropism

66
Q

what makes the plants respond to light and gravity

A

a hormone called auxin

67
Q

why do plants respond to the stimuli light and gravity

A

the imbalance of auxin in roots and shoots

68
Q

what way do shoots grow

A

towards light

69
Q

what way do roots grow

A

towards gravity

70
Q

what are plant hormones used in

A

agriculture and horticulture

71
Q

what are auxins used for

A

weed killers, rooting powders, tissue culture

72
Q

what is ethene used for

A

controlling fruit ripening

73
Q

what are gibberellins used for

A

increase fruit size, end seed dormancy, promote flowering in the malting process, increase the yield of sugar cane

Biology paper 2 (10 decks)

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