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Biology paper 2 > B15:GeneticsAndEvolution > Flashcards

B15:GeneticsAndEvolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what did Gregor Mendel do

A

carried out breeding experiments on plants

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2
Q

what were Gregors observations

A

the inheritance of each characteristic is determined by “units” that are passed on unchanged to their descendants

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3
Q

what was studied in the late 19th century

A

the behaviour of chromosomes during cell division

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4
Q

what was discovered in the early 20th century

A

the “units” now called genes were located on the chromosomes

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5
Q

what was discovered in the mid 20th century

A

the structure of DNA and the mechanism of gene function

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6
Q

what did this scientific work all lead to

A

the gene theory being developed

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7
Q

what did earlier theories of evolution suggest

A

changes that occur in an organism during its lifetime can be inherited but we now know in the vast majority of cases this can’t occur

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8
Q

who made a world expedition to propose his theory of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

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9
Q

what do the individual organisms in a particular species tend to show

A

a wide range of variation for each characteristic

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10
Q

what does reproduction always give

A

more than the environment can support

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11
Q

what is the name typically given to the organisms that have inherited the most suited characteristics for their environment

A

“the fittest”

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12
Q

what are the “fittest” more likely to be able to do

A

survive and breed successfully

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13
Q

when the “fittest” breed what do they pass on to the next generation

A

the characteristics that enabled them to survive

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14
Q

why was Charles Darwin’s theory only gradually accepted

A

conflict held with the belief that God created everything, insufficient evidence, no mechanism for explaining variation and inheritance

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15
Q

what is Alfred Russel Wallace best known for

A

warning colouration in animals and his theory of speciation

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16
Q

why do new species arise

A

isolation, genetic variation between the populations, natural selection which operates differently on the two populations, speciation

17
Q

what is speciation

A

where the populations become so different that successful interbreeding is no longer possible

18
Q

what are fossils the remains of

A

organisms from millions of years ago

19
Q

in what form are fossils found

A

in ice, rocks and other places

20
Q

how can fossils be formed

A

absence of decay, parts replaced by minerals as they decay and as preserved traces of organisms

21
Q

what do fossils give us information on

A

organisms that lived millions of years ago

22
Q

why is it difficult to determine how long ago life on earth began

A

very little evidence

23
Q

what have many traces of early life been destroyed by

A

geological activity

24
Q

why are there few traces of early life

A

as they were soft-bodied so didn’t leave much behind

25
Q

what else can we learn from fossils

A

how much or little organisms have developed as life has developed

26
Q

what may extinction be caused by

A

new predators, new diseases or new or more successful competitors

27
Q

what factors are extinction caused by

A

environmental or geological such as catastrophic events

28
Q

how can bacteria evolve rapidly

A

as they reproduce at a fast rate

29
Q

what do mutations of bacterial pathogens cause

A

new strains

30
Q

what happens to strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

they aren’t killed, they will survive and reproduce, so the population of them increase by natural selection, the resistant strain will then spread because people aren’t immune to it and there is no cure

31
Q

what is MRSA resistant to

A

antibiotics

32
Q

how do we reduce the risk of antibiotic-resistant strains

A

doctors can’t prescribe antibiotics inappropriately, patients must take correct antibiotics and the full course of the antibiotics that are prescribed

33
Q

why can’t the development of antibiotics keep up with the resistant strains

A

as it is costly and slow

34
Q

what did Carl Linneaus do

A

classified living things into groups based on their structures and characteristics

35
Q

what groups did Linneus put them all in

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

36
Q

what are organisms named by

A

the binomial system of genus and species

37
Q

how did the evidence of internal structures of organisms become more developed

A

improvements in microscopes and the understanding of the biochemical processes progressed, new models of classifications were proposed

38
Q

by studying the differences in organisms what groups can we categorise them into

A

archaea, bacteria and Eukaryota

39
Q

what do evolutionary trees allow us to suggest

A

relationships between organisms

Biology paper 2 (10 decks)

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