B13:Reproduction

Question 1

two types of reproduction

Answer 1

sexual and asexual

Question 2

how many parents in asexual

Answer 2

1

Question 3

how do cells divide in asexual

Answer 3

mitosis

Question 4

what doesn’t “fuse” in asexual

Answer 4

gametes

Question 5

what are the offspring of asexual called

Answer 5

clones

Question 6

is there any variation with asexual

Answer 6

nope

Question 7

where is asexual common in

Answer 7

smallest animals and plants and fungi and bacteria

Question 8

how do the cells in our body reproduce

Answer 8

asexually

Question 9

what does sexual reproduction involve

Answer 9

male sex cell and a female sex cell

Question 10

in sexual what do the two gametes fuse to form

Answer 10

a zygote

Question 11

what type of cell division produces gametes

Answer 11

meiosis

Question 12

in sexual where is the genetic information inherited from

Answer 12

both parents

Question 13

does sexual have variation?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

why does sexual have variation

Answer 14

as they have some characteristics from both parents so they aren’t identical

Question 15

plant gametes

Answer 15

egg cells and pollen

Question 16

animal gametes

Answer 16

ova and sperm

Question 17

how many sets of chromosomes do body cells have

Answer 17

2

Question 18

how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

Answer 18

1

Question 19

what happens in meiosis

Answer 19

genetic material is copied then the cell divides twice to form four gametes each with a single set of chromosomes

Question 20

are all gametes the same

Answer 20

no, they’re all genetically different

Question 21

what happens to gametes at fertilisation

Answer 21

they join to restore the normal number of chromosomes, the new cells divide by mitosis, the number of cells increases and as the embryo develops the cells differentiate

Question 22

how is natural selection sped up by humans

Answer 22

selective breeding

Question 23

what does sexual reproduction produce a variation to help

Answer 23

survival through natural selection

Question 24

which type of reproduction is faster

Answer 24

asexual

Question 25

why are asexual reproductions conditions favourable

Answer 25

as many identical offspring can be reproduced under the desired condition

Question 26

how do malaria parasites reproduce

Answer 26

sexually in mosquitos and asexually in their human host

Question 27

how do fungi reproduce

Answer 27

asexually by spores but also sexually to give variation

Question 28

what is a genome

Answer 28

the entire genetic material of that organism

Question 29

what will the studying of the whole human genome improve

Answer 29

medicine in the future

Question 30

what is the genetic material inside of the nucleus of a cell composed of

Answer 30

DNA

Question 31

what is DNA made of

Answer 31

a double polymer strand twisted to form a double helix

Question 32

what is a gene

Answer 32

a small section of DNA on a chromosome

Question 33

what does each gene code for

Answer 33

a particular sequence of amino acids to make specific proteins

Question 34

what do long strands of DNA consist of

Answer 34

alternating sugar and phosphate sections

Question 35

attached to each sugar is one of four bases which letters are?

Answer 35

A, C, G or T

Question 36

what are each unit of sugar, phosphate and a base known as

Answer 36

a nucleotide

Question 37

what is a sequence of three bases code for

Answer 37

a particular amino acid

Question 38

what does the order of the base control

Answer 38

the order in which amino acids are assembled to form a particular protein

Question 39

in the complementary genes of DNA, what is C always linked with on the opposite strand

Answer 39

G

Question 40

in the complementary genes of DNA, what is T always linked with on the opposite strand

Answer 40

A

Question 41

what are proteins synthesised according to

Answer 41

a template

Question 42

what brings specific amino acids to the growing protein chain in the correct order

Answer 42

carrier molecules

Question 43

what happens when the protein chain is complete

Answer 43

it folds up to form a unique shape that enables the protein to carry out its function in the cell

Question 44

what do non-coding parts of the DNA do

Answer 44

switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA can affect how genes are expressed

Question 45

what does a change in the DNA structure result in

Answer 45

a change in the protein synthesised by the gene

Question 46

how often do mutations occur

Answer 46

continuously

Question 47

what do most mutations do

Answer 47

don't alter the protein or alter it slightly so it still functions correctly

Question 48

what do a few mutations do

Answer 48

code for an altered protein with a different shape which affects the function, this can be an advantage or a disadvantage

Question 49

homozygote

Answer 49

an individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic eg BB or bb

Question 50

heterozygote

Answer 50

an individual with different alleles for a characteristic eg Bb

Question 51

genotype

Answer 51

this describes the alleles present or the genetic makeup of an individual regarding a particular characteristic eg Bb or bb

Question 52

phenotype

Answer 52

this describes a physical appearance of an individual regarding a certain characteristic eg brown fur on a mouse

Question 53

the genotype operate at a different molecular level to develop characteristics expressed as the

Answer 53

phenotype

Question 54

where is a dominant allele expressed

Answer 54

in the phenotype

Question 55

can a dominant allele be expressed if there is only one of them

Answer 55

yes

Question 56

when is a recessive allele only expressed

Answer 56

if there is two of them

Question 57

what are most characteristics a result of

Answer 57

multiple genes interacting

Question 58

what can be used to express the outcome of a genetic cross

Answer 58

direct proportion and ratios

Question 59

how do we understand genetic inheritance

Answer 59

Punnett squares and family trees

Question 60

how many pairs of chromosomes does a normal human have

Answer 60

23

Question 61

how many chromosomal pairs determine general body characteristics

Answer 61

22

Question 62

what is the female sex chromosome

Answer 62

XX

Question 63

what is the male sex chromosome

Answer 63

XY

Question 64

define polydactyl

Answer 64

babies born with extra fingers or toes

Question 65

what type of phenotype is polydactyl

Answer 65

dominant

Question 66

what type of phenotype is cystic fibrosis

Answer 66

recessive

Question 67

why are embryos screened

Answer 67

for genetic disorders

Question 68

what issues does screening raise

Answer 68

economic, social and ethical