Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology paper 2 > B13:Reproduction > Flashcards

B13:Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

two types of reproduction

A

sexual and asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many parents in asexual

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do cells divide in asexual

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what doesn’t “fuse” in asexual

A

gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the offspring of asexual called

A

clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is there any variation with asexual

A

nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is asexual common in

A

smallest animals and plants and fungi and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do the cells in our body reproduce

A

asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does sexual reproduction involve

A

male sex cell and a female sex cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in sexual what do the two gametes fuse to form

A

a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of cell division produces gametes

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

in sexual where is the genetic information inherited from

A

both parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

does sexual have variation?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why does sexual have variation

A

as they have some characteristics from both parents so they aren’t identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

plant gametes

A

egg cells and pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

animal gametes

A

ova and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do body cells have

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens in meiosis

A

genetic material is copied then the cell divides twice to form four gametes each with a single set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are all gametes the same

A

no, they’re all genetically different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens to gametes at fertilisation

A

they join to restore the normal number of chromosomes, the new cells divide by mitosis, the number of cells increases and as the embryo develops the cells differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is natural selection sped up by humans

A

selective breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does sexual reproduction produce a variation to help

A

survival through natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which type of reproduction is faster

A

asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why are asexual reproductions conditions favourable

A

as many identical offspring can be reproduced under the desired condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do malaria parasites reproduce

A

sexually in mosquitos and asexually in their human host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do fungi reproduce

A

asexually by spores but also sexually to give variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a genome

A

the entire genetic material of that organism

29
Q

what will the studying of the whole human genome improve

A

medicine in the future

30
Q

what is the genetic material inside of the nucleus of a cell composed of

A

DNA

31
Q

what is DNA made of

A

a double polymer strand twisted to form a double helix

32
Q

what is a gene

A

a small section of DNA on a chromosome

33
Q

what does each gene code for

A

a particular sequence of amino acids to make specific proteins

34
Q

what do long strands of DNA consist of

A

alternating sugar and phosphate sections

35
Q

attached to each sugar is one of four bases which letters are?

A

A, C, G or T

36
Q

what are each unit of sugar, phosphate and a base known as

A

a nucleotide

37
Q

what is a sequence of three bases code for

A

a particular amino acid

38
Q

what does the order of the base control

A

the order in which amino acids are assembled to form a particular protein

39
Q

in the complementary genes of DNA, what is C always linked with on the opposite strand

A

G

40
Q

in the complementary genes of DNA, what is T always linked with on the opposite strand

A

A

41
Q

what are proteins synthesised according to

A

a template

42
Q

what brings specific amino acids to the growing protein chain in the correct order

A

carrier molecules

43
Q

what happens when the protein chain is complete

A

it folds up to form a unique shape that enables the protein to carry out its function in the cell

44
Q

what do non-coding parts of the DNA do

A

switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA can affect how genes are expressed

45
Q

what does a change in the DNA structure result in

A

a change in the protein synthesised by the gene

46
Q

how often do mutations occur

A

continuously

47
Q

what do most mutations do

A

don’t alter the protein or alter it slightly so it still functions correctly

48
Q

what do a few mutations do

A

code for an altered protein with a different shape which affects the function, this can be an advantage or a disadvantage

49
Q

homozygote

A

an individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic eg BB or bb

50
Q

heterozygote

A

an individual with different alleles for a characteristic eg Bb

51
Q

genotype

A

this describes the alleles present or the genetic makeup of an individual regarding a particular characteristic eg Bb or bb

52
Q

phenotype

A

this describes a physical appearance of an individual regarding a certain characteristic eg brown fur on a mouse

53
Q

the genotype operate at a different molecular level to develop characteristics expressed as the

A

phenotype

54
Q

where is a dominant allele expressed

A

in the phenotype

55
Q

can a dominant allele be expressed if there is only one of them

A

yes

56
Q

when is a recessive allele only expressed

A

if there is two of them

57
Q

what are most characteristics a result of

A

multiple genes interacting

58
Q

what can be used to express the outcome of a genetic cross

A

direct proportion and ratios

59
Q

how do we understand genetic inheritance

A

Punnett squares and family trees

60
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes does a normal human have

A

23

61
Q

how many chromosomal pairs determine general body characteristics

A

22

62
Q

what is the female sex chromosome

A

XX

63
Q

what is the male sex chromosome

A

XY

64
Q

define polydactyl

A

babies born with extra fingers or toes

65
Q

what type of phenotype is polydactyl

A

dominant

66
Q

what type of phenotype is cystic fibrosis

A

recessive

67
Q

why are embryos screened

A

for genetic disorders

68
Q

what issues does screening raise

A

economic, social and ethical

Biology paper 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions