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Biology > B13 Reproduction > Flashcards

B13 Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

13.1 What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction involves a male gamete (sex cell) and a female gamete (sex cell) from two parents.

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2
Q

13.1 How are gametes produced and fused together?

A
  • The gametes are produced by meiosis and these gametes fuse together in a process called fertilisation.
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3
Q

13.1 How is there variation in meiosis?

A

The genetic information from both gametes is mixed, which leads to variation. This allows an evolution of species.

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4
Q

13.1 What are the two types of gametes in animals?

A

The sperm cell and egg cell and they each contain 23 chromosomes (half from each parent).

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5
Q

How does sexual reproduction happen in plants?

A
  1. When pollination occurs, the gametes (pollen and egg cell) meet and fuse in fertilisation.
  2. The genetic information from both gametes is mixed, this leads to variation in the offspring.
  3. The fertilised cell form seeds.
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6
Q

13.1 What is asexual reproduction? Key points

A
  • It involves only one parent
  • There is no fusion of gametes, therefore there is no mixing of genetic information.
  • It produces genetically identical offspring (clones).
  • Only mitosis is involved.
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7
Q

13.1 Key points of Mitosis

A
  • The cell divides once
  • The chromosome number of the daughter cells is the same as the parent cells
  • Produce two daughter cells
  • Daughter cells are genetically identical
  • Used for growth and repair, and asexual reproduction
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8
Q

13.1 Key point of meiosis

A
  • Produces four daighter cells
  • Daughter cells are not genetically identical
  • Produce gametes
  • The chromosome number is reduced by half
  • The cell divides twice
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9
Q

13.1 What happens in fertilisation and variation

A
  1. When they join, they form a single new body cell which contains the full 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
  2. This is the correct number of chromosomes for a human body cell.
  3. The combination is unique and creates variation in the species.
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10
Q

13.2 Advantages of sexual reprocution

A
  1. It produces variation in the offspring
  2. The variation will lead to a survival advantage
  3. Due to the better adaptation to the environment, they can breed successfully and pass the genes for the characteristics easier
  4. Selective breeding can happen to get desired characteristics.
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11
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Only needs one parent
  2. Uses less energy than sexual reproduction
  3. It is faster than sexual reproduction
  4. Many identical offspring can be produced in favourable conditions.
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12
Q

13.2 How does reproduction happen in Malaria?

A

They reproduce sexually in the mosquito, when a mosquito starts feeding on human blood.

The zygotes in your body undergo meiosis to produce asexual parasites that will infect a human host.

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13
Q

Pros and cons of Malarial parasites

A

Pros:

  • Variation can occur rapidly, boosting chnaces of survival.
  • More protists can be formed in the host.
  • There are less points of failure

Cons:

  • Heavily reliant on mosquitos
  • Cannot spread in colder conditions.
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14
Q

13.2 Reproduction of Fungi

A

Asexual production happens within the fungi, spores grow that reproduce to trnasfer the fungi cells.

Some fungi reproduce sexually when two hyphae from different fungi fuse together and the nucleir fuse.

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15
Q

13.2 Pros and cons of fungi reprodution

A
  • Fungi can exist and survive in more extreme climates
  • Variation can occur within the fungi to adapt to the new environements
  • If there is a generic fault, it can be corrected through variation

Cons:

  • Sexual reproduction relies on other fungi, so in suboptimal conditions, the fungi will die off if there are no other fungi
  • Sexual reproduction takes time which there might not be much of, if the fungi has to resort to sexual reproduction.
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16
Q

13.2 How does reproduction happen in plants?

A
  • They mainly reproduce through sexual reproduction as the pollen reaches the egg cells of another flower for fertilisation to occur
  • Plants can reproduce asexually through mitosis. Plant organs such as bulbs can divide to form new plants and specialised cells.
17
Q

13.2 Pros and cons of plant reproduction

A

Pros:

  • Variation can occur so plants are able to adopt to changing conditions
  • Lots of pollen can be transported bynone insect so lots of seeds can fertilise. This leads to more oppurtunities
  • If the flowers are destroyed, the plant can reproduce

Cons:

  • New plants created asexually are genetically individual and could die before they grow.
  • Sexual reproduction is heavily reliant on external factors.
18
Q

13.3 What is the DNA and nucleotides

A

A DNA is a polymer that is made up of four different nucleotides. Two strands twist together to form a double helix.

Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar and phosphate group with one of four different bases attached.

19
Q

What are the four bases of nucleotides?

A

Four bases are A, C, G and T. The C base is always linked to a G base on the complementary strand. An A base is always linked to a T base on the complementary strand.

20
Q

13.3 How is an amino acid coded?

A

A sequence of three bases (triplet) is the code for a particular amino acid.
The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein.

21
Q

13.3 What is a gene?

A

A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular of amino acids and makes a specific protein.

22
Q

13.3 What can we do with the understanding of the human genome?

A
  • It helps us to search for genes that are linked to different types of disease
  • Helps us to understand and treat inherited disorders
  • We can use this to trace human migration patterns
23
Q

13.4 What is a template in protein synthesis?

A

A template is made of the part of the DNA that codes for a specific protein. Each protein

24
Q

13.4 What are the steps of protein synthesis?

A
  1. The template moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell.
  2. The template attaches to the ribosome.
  3. Carrier molecules attach to the template. Each set of three bases is a code for one carrier molecule.
  4. The carrier molecule is attached to a specific amino acid molecule.
  5. The amino acids are joined together to form a protein.
  6. The protein folds into its final shale, this enables it to do its job.
25
Q

13.5 What happens if a mutation causes a change in an amino acid?

A

This will mean the protein will have a different shape. It may not be able to do its job, or it may do it differently.

An example is active site, this will mean it will not properly bind to the substrate making it difficult to obtain an enzyme-substrate complex.

26
Q

13.5 Is Natural selection advantageous or not?

A

It could be advantageous and be advantageous and be selected for, or it could be a disadvantage and mean that the individual does not survive to reproduce.

27
Q

13.5 What is gene expression

A

When a gene is used as a template to synthesise a protein in a cell.

28
Q

13.5 How can regulate the expression of genes?

A

Some of the non-coding DNA in our genome is there to turn genes on or off

29
Q

13.6 What is the difference between homozygotes and heterozygotes?

A

Homozygotes are the same alleles ‘BB’ or ‘bb’. Heterozygotes have different alleles ‘Bb’

30
Q

13.6 What is a genotype?

A

A collection of organism genes

31
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

These are the features that we see and this is the dominant allele

32
Q

13.6 What is a dominant allele?

A

It is always expressed as one allele. Only requires one allele.

33
Q

13.6 What is a recessive allele?

A

It only requires two alleles.

34
Q

13.7 What is one example of an inherited disorder from a recessive gene

A

Cystic fibrosis

35
Q

13.7 What is cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Lungs produce a thick mucus that has to be removed by massage. This causes blockages in the air passages and chest infections
  • Mucus also occurs in pancreas which causes digestive problems.
36
Q

13.7 What is an example of an inherited disorder from a dominant gene?

A

Polydactyl

37
Q

13.7 What is a polydactyl?

A

It is a genetic disorder of the seventh chromosme which results in extra fingers or toes

38
Q

13.7 What are ways the scientists try to cure genetic disorders?

A
  • Scientists are working on genetic engineering tevhniques to replace healthy alleles.
  • Some parents choose to screen for genetic disorders but this brings social and ethical concerns.

Biology (16 decks)

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