B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids (SL only)

Question 1

The chemical properties of carbon allow it to do what?

Answer 1

Chemical properties of a carbon atom allows it to form 4 single covalent bonds or a combination of single and double bonds with other non-metallic elements leading to a high diversity of compounds

Question 2

give examples of compounds formed with carbon

Answer 2

glucose, ribose, amino acid, glycerol, fatty acids

Question 3

advantages of glucose

Answer 3

1) small and soluble → easy for transport

2) chemically stable and is easy to use in respiration to generate ATP for energy

3) can bind glucose together (into a polysaccharide) as glycogen and stored, becomes insoluble and will not affect water potential

Question 4

what is the name of the bond between C1 and C4 of glucose in maltose?

Answer 4

1-4 glycosidic bond

Question 5

what is amynopectin?

Answer 5

• uses alpha-glucose
• contains both 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 6

describe the chain in 1-4 glycosidic bond

Answer 6

straight chain
(unbranched)

Question 7

describe the chain of 1-6 glycosidic bond and what it causes

Answer 7

bent chain

causes a branch in the polysaccharide

Question 8

ADD DIAGRAM STUFF

Question 9

give examples of polysaccharides formed by alpha-glucose

Answer 9

• unbranched starch (amylose)
• branched starch (amylopectin)
• heavily branched glycogen

Question 10

give examples of polysaccharides formed by beta-glucose

Answer 10

unbranched cellulose

Question 11

what is the bond of unbranched starch (amylose)

Answer 11

1-4 glycosidic bond only

Question 12

what is the bond of branched starch (amylopectin)

Answer 12

both 1-4 and 1-6 bonds

one 1-6 bond every 20 monosaccharides

Question 12

what is the bond in - heavily branched glycogen

Answer 12

both 1-4 and 1-6 bonds

one 1-6 bond every 10 monosaccharides

Question 12

describe the organisation of glucose in glycogen

Answer 12

• all glucose facing the same way
• CH2OH are way bigger than H and OH → will take up more space if all on top, gonna form a bend
• needed for storing energy, its ok to be bent

Question 13

describe the organisation of glucose in cellulose

Answer 13

• All monomers (glucose) are in alternating orientations to ensure cellulose is straight
• Allows for bundle to form using hydrogen bonds

Question 14

what is the bond in unbranched cellulose

Answer 14

all 1-4 bonds
- alternating orientations to ensure cellulose is straight
- allows for bundles to form using hydrogen bonds

Question 15

give examples of glycoprotein

Answer 15

ABO antigens (in your blood)

Question 16

what is catabolism and give an example

Answer 16

breaking down

hydrolysis

Question 16

give examples of lipids

Answer 16

oil, wax, fats & steroids

Question 16

what is phospholipid made of

Answer 16

1 glycerol + 1 phosphate + 2 fatty acids (2 hydrocarbon tails)

Question 16

what is anabolism and give an example

Answer 16

building up

e.g. condensation

Question 17

what is triglyceride made of

Answer 17

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 18

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 18

hydrophobic

Question 19

lipids dissolve in what?

Answer 19

They dissolve in non-polar solvents like ethanol and acetone

Question 20

are lipids soluble in water?

Answer 20

Lipids are only sparingly soluble in water

Question 21

what is adipose tissue and the name of their cells

Answer 21

layer under skin

adipocytes (white adipose cells)

Question 21

identification features of steroids

Answer 21

• four fused rings of carbon atoms
• structure: 3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane ring
• 17 carbon atoms in total in the rings

Question 21

usage of adipose tissue

Answer 21

1) energy storage

• fat is a good compound for storing energy

2) thermal insulation

Question 22

give examples of steroids

Answer 22

• oestradiol (main type of oestrogen)
• testosterone

Question 23

are steroids polar and non-polar?

Answer 23

• non-polar (bc they are lipids)

mostly hydrocarbon, hydrophobic

Question 24

what does the feature of steroids allow them to do?

Answer 24

non-polar

allows them to pass through phospholipid bilayers and enter or leave cells