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biology hl > A2.2 cell structure (SL) > Flashcards

A2.2 cell structure (SL) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 basic principles of cell theory?

A

1) All living things are made of cells

2) Cells are the smallest unit of life

3) Cells come only from other cells

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2
Q

Define “magnification”

A

how much larger an object appears compared to its real size

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3
Q

Define “Resolution”

A

the smallest interval distinguishable by the microscope, which then corresponds to the degree of detail visible in an image created by the instrument

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4
Q

Define “Membrane”

A

a bilayer formed from phospholipids as a consequence of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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5
Q

Explain what a plasma membrane is

A

Every cell has a membrane barrier separating the interior from its surroundings

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6
Q

Define “cytosol”

A

the liquid part of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Define “cytoplasm”

A

Gel-like fluid substance made of water and many dissolved solutes such as salts, fatty acids, sugars, amino acids and proteins e.g. enzymes (needed to carry out the metabolic processes required to keep the cell alive; if these molecules not dissolved in water → not able to perform their function)

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8
Q

What is the relationship between solutes, solvents and solutions? Give examples for each.

A

Solute + Solvent = Solution

  • solute e.g. glucose, oxygen
  • solvent e.g. water
  • solution e.g. glucose solution
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9
Q

What is evidence of universal common ancestry?

A

The use of the DNA code across all forms of life (today all living organisms use DNA as the genetic material)

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10
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

A

Prokaryotic DNA is not in a nucleus and does not wrap around histone proteins

  • if taken out, its a loop

Eukaryotic DNA is found in the cell nucleus and wraps around histone proteins

  • if taken out, can be stretched until it becomes linear (straight line)
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11
Q

Nucleosome is DNA wrapped around how many histone proteins

A

8

Nucleosome is DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

only eukaryotes have histones because their DNA is longer than prokaryotes

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12
Q

Why can’t prokaryotes carry out aerobic respiration?

A

Because they don’t have mitochondria

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13
Q

Explain what exocytosis is (not definition)

A

Export of things outside the cell

Using vesicles

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14
Q

Define “Organelles” + examples

A

membrane bound units that compartmentalised functions in the cell

e.g. nucleus, mitochondria

only eukaryotes have them, not prokaryotes

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15
Q

Why compartmentalise?

A

1) Control concentrations of chemicals that are needed or produced by the organelles in their metabolic reactions

2) mRNA can be modified after transcription before it leaves the nucleus

3) Avoid enzymes (e.g. lysozymes in lysosomes from destroying the cell. It also allows phagocytic vesicles to be formed.)

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16
Q

Why does lysosome need to be bounded by a cell membrane?

A
  • because it contains enzymes
  • will digest organelles e.g. ribosomes, mitochondria
  • killing cells from within :(
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17
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • The Golgi modifies polypeptides into their functional state
  • The Golgi sorts, concentrates and packs proteins into vesicles
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18
Q

Vesicles of Golgi Apparatus are dispatched to?

A
  • within the cell, to organelles called lysosomes
  • the plasma membrane of the cell
  • secretion to the outside of the cell via exocytosis

fuses with the plasma membrane & released out of the cell

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19
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A
  • Helps cells maintain their shape, organises cell parts and enables cells to move and divide
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20
Q

List the components that work together to form the cytoskeleton and their functional use

A
  • Microtubules (movement)
    • Actin filaments (movement)
    • Intermediate filaments (structural)
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21
Q

What is the name of the polymers of a protein which forms part of the cytoskeleton

A

tubulin

polymers of a protein called tubulin and form part of the cytoskeleton

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22
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Used for intracellular transport of organelles and the separation of chromosomes during mitosis

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23
Q

Describe the structure of Centrioles (MTOC)

A

paired cylindrical-shaped organelles composed of nine groups of three microtubules organised with radial symmetry

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24
Q

What is the function of Centrioles/MTOC (microtubule organising centre)

A
  • arrangement of the mitotic spindle during cell division
  • serve as anchor points for microtubules in the cytoplasm and for cilia and flagella (when modifiied to become a basal body)
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25
Q

What is cilia?

A
  • extensions from the cell surface which aid in cell movement
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26
Q

How are cilia formed?

A

formed from modified centrioles called a basal body

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27
Q

How does cilia work?

A
  • Cilia beat in coordination with each other
  • back and fourth beating
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28
Q

How do you tell apart cilia and flagella from their protrustions?

A

Flagella: If protrusions are longer and less numerous (usually only one or two)

Cilia: if the protrusions are short and numerous

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29
Q

How to flagella move?

A

flagella moves independently from each other

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30
Q

Describe the motion of sperm movement?

A

Sperm: propeller-like motion (spiral)

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31
Q

Give 3 examples of single membrane organelles

A
  • lysosome
  • ER
  • golgi
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32
Q

Give 3 examples of double membrane organelles

A
  • chloroplasts
  • nucleus
  • mitochondrion
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33
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Form of chromosome before it divides

34
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

35
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

nuclear pores can be open and shut → can control when mRNA goes out

mRNA copied from DNA to go out of ribosome

pores needed for mRNA to pass through

(on the surface of the nucleus)

36
Q

Define “Plastids”

A

Plastids: A family of organelles with two outer membranes and internal membrane sacs

37
Q

Define “Cell wall”

A

Cell wall: a rigid layer outside the plasma membrane to strengthen and protect the cell

Vacuole: A flexible fluid-filled compartment surrounded by a single membrane

Centrioles: Cylindrical organelles that organise the assembly of structures composed of microtubules

Undulipodia: Cilia and flagella used to generate movement of a cell or movement of fluid adjacent to a cell

38
Q

Define “Vacuole”

A

Vacuole: A flexible fluid-filled compartment surrounded by a single membrane

39
Q

Define “Centrioles”

A

Centrioles: Cylindrical organelles that organise the assembly of structures composed of microtubules

40
Q

Define “Undulipodia”

A

Undulipodia: Cilia and flagella used to generate movement of a cell or movement of fluid adjacent to a cell

41
Q

Explain the meaning of “septate” and an example of an organism with this feature

A

multinucleated (more than one nuclei in one cell)

example: Aseptate fungal hyphae

42
Q

Explain the cell structure and function of RBCs

A
  • No nucleus = more space to carry haemoglobin (for oxygen)
  • Biconcave / flattened disc shape
  • Diffusion: O2 in, CO2 out
42
Q

What is an alternate name of RBCs?

A

Erythrocyte

43
Q

Give examples of eukaryotes that have atypical cell structures

A
  • Aseptate fungal hyphae
  • Skeletal muscle (striated muscle)
  • RBC
  • Phloem sieve tube elements
44
Q

What is the function of flagellum?

A

movement

45
Q

Name the parts of a prokaryotic cell

A

Functions of prokaryotic cell parts

  • Flagellum
  • Ribosomes
  • Pilli
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleoid
  • Plasma membrane
46
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

47
Q

What is the function of pilli?

A

attachment, DNA transfer

48
Q

What is the function of cell wall?

A

protective coating, can be Gram-positive or Gram-negative

Peptidoglycan → chemical that is different in gram positive and gram negative cell wall of Bacteria

  • gram positive
    - thick layer of Peptidoglycan
    • gram negative
      • thin layer of Peptidoglycan
      • also has outer membrane beyond the Peptidoglycan
49
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

contains enzymes for metabolism

50
Q

What is the function of nucleoid?

A

region containing closed-loop DNA

51
Q

What is the function of plasma membrane

A

controls entry and exit of substance

52
Q

What don’t prokaryotes have mitochondria?

A
  • prokaryote → no organelles
  • also don’t need mitochondria bc use anaerobic respiration
53
Q

Describe the shape of Bacillus (bacteria)

A

rod shaped

54
Q

Define “homeostasis” and give an example

A

iving organisms keep their internal environments within a certain range (they maintain a stable internal condition), despite changes in their external environment

e.g. by keeping concentrations of water and minerals within certain levels

55
Q

Define “metabolism”

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell

56
Q

Why are viruses not considered self-sustaining life? (link to metabolism)

A

Viruses lack metabolism, a reason they are not considered to self-sustaining life

57
Q

Define “anabolic reaction”

A

smaller molecules join to make larger ones → use energy, endergonic

58
Q

Define “catabolic reaction”

A

large molecules are broken down into smaller ones → release energy, exergonic

59
Q

Explain what a catalyst is

A

speeds up chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy and it does not get used up

60
Q

Define “nutrition”

A

all life obtains energy and matter

61
Q

Define “autotrophs”

A

use external energy sources (usually the sun) to synthesise carbon compounds from simple inorganic substances

62
Q

Define “heterotrophs”

A

use carbon compounds obtained from other organisms to synthesise the carbon compounds that they require

63
Q

Give an example of a phototroph

A

photoautotroph → plants

  • photo = light
64
Q

Give an example of a chemoautotroph

A
  • chemo = chemical
  • e.g. volcanos under the sea, bacteria who live down there use energy from deep vents
65
Q

Define “movement”

A

adaptions for movement are a universal feature of living organisms

66
Q

What do sessile organisms refer to?

A

organisms that stay in one place

67
Q

What do motile organisms refer to?

A

organisms that are mobile

68
Q

Define “excretion”

A

a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism

69
Q

Give an example of excretion in humans

A

primarily occurs via lungs and kidneys
- co2 created by both aerobic & anaerobic respiration
- aerobic: oxygen + glucose → water + carbon dioxide
- anaerobic: glucose → lactic acid; lactic acid broken down by oxygen into water + carbon dioxide

70
Q

Give an example of excretion in plants

A
  • excretion occurs via leaves, roots and stem
    • photosynthesis
71
Q

Give an example of excretion in unicellular organisms

A

occurs through the cell membrane, which is one reason cells must have a large surface area to volume ratio

72
Q

Explain what egestion is

A

removal of undigested food

73
Q

Define “growth”

A

increase in the size and mass of an organism

74
Q

Define “development”

A

is the transformation of the organism through its lifespan

75
Q

What does “response to stimuli” mean

A
  • all life can recognise and respond to changes in environmental conditions
  • even single celled organisms can recognise what is going on around them, and respond to changes in the environment
76
Q

State the types of receptors and what their stimuli is

A

chemoreceptors: chemical concentration of substances

baroreceptors: pressure

thermoreceptors: temperature

photoreceptor: light energy

77
Q

How do sexual and asexual reproduction differ?

A
  • Sexual reproduction: involves two parents and the fusion of haploid sex cells from each parent
  • Asexual reproduction: involves only one parent (mitosis)
78
Q
A
79
Q
A

biology hl (19 decks)

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