B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
How many bonds can carbon form with other atoms
4 covalent bonds
what are the causes and consequences of covalent bonds between atoms
-single, double, and triple bonds allow more diverse structures
-create numerous isomers with unique properties
-Bonds with various atoms enhance reactivity and compound diversity
What are carbon-carbon bonds
a covalent bond between two C atoms.
What are the characteristics of a carbon-carbon bond
-strong and stable; therefore, long-chained carbon compounds provide the basic framework for many molecules.
-The longer a chain of carbon-carbon bonds are, the more stable it is
what are the 4 major classes of carbon compounds used in living organisms
-Fatty acids
-glucose
-nucleic acid
-amino acid
Define monomer and polymer
A single macromolecule is referred to as a monomer
-A long chain of monomers is a polymer
Draw Glucose – C6H12O6
refer to figure 7
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose
the rotation
Refer to figure 8
what is an isomer
An isomer is a compound with the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure, such as alpha and beta glucose.
what are the Glucose Properties?
Glucose has two isomers: alpha-glucose (α-glucose) and beta-glucose (β-glucose).
Glucose is a soluble molecule.
Glucose is a stable molecule.
Glucose can be oxidised.
What happens when Making polymers
A condensation reaction
produces water
What happens when breaking polymers
a hydrolysis reaction
involves water
what is a polysaccharide
a long-chain carbohydrate made up of smaller carbohydrates called monosaccharides that are typically used by our bodies for energy or to help with cellular structure
what is a monosaccharide?
any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.
what is a polysaccharide
a long-chain carbohydrate made up of smaller carbohydrates called monosaccharides
what complex sugar is this:
-starch
-a glucose
-a(1,4) bonds
-spiral structure
-glycosidic bonds
-slow energy release
amylose
What complex sugar is this:
-unbranched (linear)
-b(1,4) bonds
-glycosidic bonds
-b glucose
-cell wall
cellulose
What complex sugar is this:
-1,6 or 1,4 bonds
-A glucose
-branched
-starch
-quick energy release
amylopectin
What complex sugar is this:
-1,6 and 1,4 bonds
-A glucose
-branched
-quick energy release
glycogen
Why is cellulose needed in the cell wall?
-Strong
-permeable to many substances
-main structure of plants
-most organic compounds found on Earth
Draw a hexose and pentose monosaccharides
refer to figure 9
What are glycoproteins
They are proteins that have one or more carbohydrates attached to them
What are the roles of glycoproteins?
-Cell-cell recognition
-receptors
-structural support
what is an antigen
The tag which identifies
What is an antibody
Something that recognizes specific tags which tells them if the cell is good
(like the police officer which identifies if they are good or not)
discuss the consequences of the presence of a, b and o glycoproteins during blood transfusion
-immune Response and Compatibility
-universal donors & recipient (o – universal donar, AB universal recipiant)
What are microfibrils
thread-like structures made of cellulose formed by hydrogen bonds, found in plant cell walls.
Discuss the benefit of polysaccharides coiling and branching during polymerization
Coiling: Allows it to be more compact, saving space in the cell
Branching; Allows for the process to go by faster, with more ends to enzymes to reach
What is a hydrolysis reaction
A reaction where water breaks down a larger molecule into two smaller parts
What are lipids
diverse group of organic macromolecules which hydrophobic, and are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms that are formed in a long-chain
What are examples of lipids
-triglycerides (fats)
-waxes
-phospholipids
-glycolipids
Explain the structure and characteristics of triglyceride (fatty acid)
-a zig-zag structure
-the simplest form of lipids
-glycerol (3x OH-groups)+ fatty acids
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglyceride
Saturated
-saturated c-c
-usually solid
unsaturated
-unsaturated c(double bond)c
-usually liquid
- low melting point
Draw a triglyceride
Refer to figure 10
Why do we call fatty acid an “acid”?
We describe fatty acid molecules as ‘acids’ because in an aqueous solution, their functional group (–COOH) tends to ionize (slightly) to produce hydrogen ions, which is the property of an acid
Explain the condensation reaction connecting fatty. acids and glycerol to form a triglyceride
Glycerol + fatty acid
–> Condensation reaction
= monoglyceride + water
(To get triglyceride the condensation is repeated three times)
What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
monounsaturated = one double bond
polyunsaturated = more than one double bond
How to identify a cis or trans unsaturated fatty acid
The orientation of the h atoms around the double carbon bond
Cis fat = both h atoms are on top
trans fat = one h top one h bottom
what are the properties of cis and trans unsaturated fatty acids
cis:
-More common
-Improve heart health by reducing -“bad” cholesterol levels
Olive oil, nuts, avocados
Trans:
-Less common
-Raise bad cholesterol (LDL) levels, lowers good cholesterol (HDL) levels
-Industrial vegetable oil
Why are Triglycerides good for long-term storage?
-less easily oxidized
–>Requires more steps to break down due to complex structure
–>Stored in adipose tissue which makes it less accessible
Triglycerides are in the Adipose tissue, What is the Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue = fatty layer underneath the skin
Keeps animals afloat (blubber)
Keeps animals warm
Keeps energy storage
what is the structure of a phospholipid
-Have only two fatty acids
-Have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid
what part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic
hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic tail
Draw a diagram of the phospholipid with a phosphate-glyceral head and two fatty acid tails
Refer to figure 11
what do these three terms mean:
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
amphipathic
hydrophobic - water-repelling region
hydrophilic- water-attracting region
amphipathic - contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Explain why phospholipids from bilayers in water
The hydrophobic tail is inside, while the hydrophilic head faces outwards interacting with the environment
what are steroid molecules
group of naturally occurring hormones which are relatively small non-polar organic compounds
what are the three types of steroid molecules
1) cholesterol (biggie)
2) estradiol (HO with double bonds around the ring)
3) testosterone (O with a double bond)
Why can steroid hormones able to pass directly through the phospholipid layer
they are small and hydrophobic
