Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SL BIO 11 > B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many bonds can carbon form with other atoms

A

4 covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the causes and consequences of covalent bonds between atoms

A

-single, double, and triple bonds allow more diverse structures
-create numerous isomers with unique properties
-Bonds with various atoms enhance reactivity and compound diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are carbon-carbon bonds

A

a covalent bond between two C atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of a carbon-carbon bond

A

-strong and stable; therefore, long-chained carbon compounds provide the basic framework for many molecules.
-The longer a chain of carbon-carbon bonds are, the more stable it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 4 major classes of carbon compounds used in living organisms

A

-Fatty acids
-glucose
-nucleic acid
-amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define monomer and polymer

A

A single macromolecule is referred to as a monomer
-A long chain of monomers is a polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Draw Glucose – C6H12O6

A

refer to figure 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

the rotation

Refer to figure 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an isomer

A

An isomer is a compound with the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure, such as alpha and beta glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the Glucose Properties?

A

Glucose has two isomers: alpha-glucose (α-glucose) and beta-glucose (β-glucose).
Glucose is a soluble molecule.
Glucose is a stable molecule.
Glucose can be oxidised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens when Making polymers

A

A condensation reaction
produces water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when breaking polymers

A

a hydrolysis reaction
involves water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

a long-chain carbohydrate made up of smaller carbohydrates called monosaccharides that are typically used by our bodies for energy or to help with cellular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

a long-chain carbohydrate made up of smaller carbohydrates called monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what complex sugar is this:
-starch
-a glucose
-a(1,4) bonds
-spiral structure
-glycosidic bonds
-slow energy release

A

amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What complex sugar is this:
-unbranched (linear)
-b(1,4) bonds
-glycosidic bonds
-b glucose
-cell wall

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What complex sugar is this:
-1,6 or 1,4 bonds
-A glucose
-branched
-starch
-quick energy release

A

amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What complex sugar is this:
-1,6 and 1,4 bonds
-A glucose
-branched
-quick energy release

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is cellulose needed in the cell wall?

A

-Strong
-permeable to many substances
-main structure of plants
-most organic compounds found on Earth

21
Q

Draw a hexose and pentose monosaccharides

A

refer to figure 9

22
Q

What are glycoproteins

A

They are proteins that have one or more carbohydrates attached to them

23
Q

What are the roles of glycoproteins?

A

-Cell-cell recognition
-receptors
-structural support

24
Q

what is an antigen

A

The tag which identifies

25
Q

What is an antibody

A

Something that recognizes specific tags which tells them if the cell is good
(like the police officer which identifies if they are good or not)

26
Q

discuss the consequences of the presence of a, b and o glycoproteins during blood transfusion

A

-immune Response and Compatibility
-universal donors & recipient (o – universal donar, AB universal recipiant)

27
Q

What are microfibrils

A

thread-like structures made of cellulose formed by hydrogen bonds, found in plant cell walls.

28
Q

Discuss the benefit of polysaccharides coiling and branching during polymerization

A

Coiling: Allows it to be more compact, saving space in the cell
Branching; Allows for the process to go by faster, with more ends to enzymes to reach

29
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction where water breaks down a larger molecule into two smaller parts

30
Q

What are lipids

A

diverse group of organic macromolecules which hydrophobic, and are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms that are formed in a long-chain

31
Q

What are examples of lipids

A

-triglycerides (fats)
-waxes
-phospholipids
-glycolipids

32
Q

Explain the structure and characteristics of triglyceride (fatty acid)

A

-a zig-zag structure
-the simplest form of lipids
-glycerol (3x OH-groups)+ fatty acids

33
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglyceride

A

Saturated
-saturated c-c
-usually solid

unsaturated
-unsaturated c(double bond)c
-usually liquid
- low melting point

34
Q

Draw a triglyceride

A

Refer to figure 10

35
Q

Why do we call fatty acid an “acid”?

A

We describe fatty acid molecules as ‘acids’ because in an aqueous solution, their functional group (–COOH) tends to ionize (slightly) to produce hydrogen ions, which is the property of an acid

36
Q

Explain the condensation reaction connecting fatty. acids and glycerol to form a triglyceride

A

Glycerol + fatty acid
–> Condensation reaction
= monoglyceride + water

(To get triglyceride the condensation is repeated three times)

37
Q

What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

A

monounsaturated = one double bond
polyunsaturated = more than one double bond

38
Q

How to identify a cis or trans unsaturated fatty acid

A

The orientation of the h atoms around the double carbon bond

Cis fat = both h atoms are on top
trans fat = one h top one h bottom

39
Q

what are the properties of cis and trans unsaturated fatty acids

A

cis:
-More common
-Improve heart health by reducing -“bad” cholesterol levels
Olive oil, nuts, avocados

Trans:
-Less common
-Raise bad cholesterol (LDL) levels, lowers good cholesterol (HDL) levels
-Industrial vegetable oil

40
Q

Why are Triglycerides good for long-term storage?

A

-less easily oxidized
–>Requires more steps to break down due to complex structure
–>Stored in adipose tissue which makes it less accessible

41
Q

Triglycerides are in the Adipose tissue, What is the Adipose tissue

A

Adipose tissue = fatty layer underneath the skin

Keeps animals afloat (blubber)
Keeps animals warm
Keeps energy storage

42
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid

A

-Have only two fatty acids
-Have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid

43
Q

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic tail

44
Q

Draw a diagram of the phospholipid with a phosphate-glyceral head and two fatty acid tails

A

Refer to figure 11

45
Q

what do these three terms mean:
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
amphipathic

A

hydrophobic - water-repelling region
hydrophilic- water-attracting region
amphipathic - contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

46
Q

Explain why phospholipids from bilayers in water

A

The hydrophobic tail is inside, while the hydrophilic head faces outwards interacting with the environment

47
Q

what are steroid molecules

A

group of naturally occurring hormones which are relatively small non-polar organic compounds

48
Q

what are the three types of steroid molecules

A

1) cholesterol (biggie)
2) estradiol (HO with double bonds around the ring)
3) testosterone (O with a double bond)

49
Q

Why can steroid hormones able to pass directly through the phospholipid layer

A

they are small and hydrophobic

SL BIO 11 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions