B1 Cell structure and transport

Question 1

active transport

Answer 1

the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration

Question 2

algae

Answer 2

simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis

Question 3

alveoli

Answer 3

tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange

Question 4

bacteria

Answer 4

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

Question 5

cell membrane

Answer 5

the membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell

Question 6

cell wall

Answer 6

the rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell

Question 7

cellulose

Answer 7

the complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength

Question 8

chlorophyll

Answer 8

the green pigment contained in the chloroplasts

Question 9

chloroplasts

Answer 9

the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

Question 10

cytoplasm

Answer 10

the water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place

Question 11

diffusion

Answer 11

the spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

Question 12

eukaryotic cells

Answer 12

cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

Question 13

hypertonic (osmosis)

Answer 13

a solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents

Question 14

hypotonic (osmosis)

Answer 14

a solution that is less concentrated than the cell contents

Question 15

isotonic (osmosis)

Answer 15

a solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell

Question 17

nucleus

Answer 17

organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane

Question 18

osmosis

Answer 18

the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (which has a high
concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water|) down a concentration gradient

Question 19

partially permeable membrane

Answer 19

a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through

Question 20

permanent vacuole

Answer 20

space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap

Question 21

phloem

Answer 21

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

Question 22

plasmolysis

Answer 22

the state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

Question 23

prokaryotic cells

Answer 23

from prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

Question 24

resolving power

Answer 24

a measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together

Question 25

ribosomes

Answer 25

the site of protein synthesis in a cell

Question 26

sperm

Answer 26

the male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent

Question 27

stomata

Answer 27

openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf

Question 28

turgor

Answer 28

the pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall

Question 29

ventilated

Answer 29

movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for example lungs or gills

Question 30

xylem

Answer 30

the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots