Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S3 > B: PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN CRIME > Flashcards

B: PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN CRIME Flashcards

1
Q

Social class and crime

A

Crime is higher in the lower classes (Sutherland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who identified that crime was higher in lower classes?

A

Sutherland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did the 2002 Social Exclusion Unit find?

A

Many prisoners have a history of social exclusion eg grown up in care, poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage of the prison population were unemployed before imprisonment?

A

67% (comp. to 5% general population)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage of prison population were homeless before imprisonment?

A

32% (comp. to 0.9%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Williams find?

A

Prisoners also frequently found to have run away from home, experienced violence or drug misuse etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_______ and ________ levels of prison population significantly lower than those of the general population

A

Literacy and numeracy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percentage of crime is committed by men?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which offenders were more likely to be on benefits? And what does this suggest?

A

Females- suggests that deprivation has more of an impact on women and crime rates than men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chivalry thesis

A

Women get treated more leniently at court

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which age group commits the most crime?

A

Young people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which age group is more likely to receive caution over conviction for their first offence?

A

Juvenile offenders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

McVie

A

The relationship between age and offending is not clear cut as data is grouped into big bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Soothill

A

Found peak age for some crimes differs from other crimes eg burglary and drug offences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many times more are black people stopped and searched than white people (2009-10)?

A

7 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Bowling and Phillips find about the Crown Prosecution Service?

A

More likely to drop cases with black suspects which indicates that the police charge black people more frequently based on inadequate evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social class and crime

A

Young households, lone parents and the unemployed are 2x as likely to be burgled
Unemployed 2x as likely to be victims of violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Kinsey find about the effect of crime on poor?

A

Suffer more- no insurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Age and crime

A

Older people are more likely to fear crime, but younger people are more likely to be victims

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which age group has a lower crime rate but are more likely, when assaulted, to lose time off work?

A

Over 45’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What % of children 10-12 had been victims of crime (CSEW 2014)?

A

12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which ethnic groups were found to be more at risk of personal crime (CSEW 2012-13)?

A

Mixed, black and Asian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Black people are _ times more likely to be murdered

A

5 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Women are _ times as likely than men to have reported being a victim of non-partner sexual abuse

A

2 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Males account for _ out of 10 homicide victims

A

7 out of 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Over __% of female homicide victims since 2003 were killed by a husband or partner

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

On average, _ women are killed each week by a husband or partner

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hanmer and Saunders

A

Found that 20% of women had been sexually assaulted and not reported it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stanko

A

Found that over one 24 hr period, an incident of domestic violence was reported every second, yet few led to arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Walklate (2006)

A

Why women stay in abusive relationships

1) Children
2) Money
3) Blame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Global organised crime

A

Goes beyond national borders and police forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why is it difficult to provide accurate estimates relating to global organised crime? (2)

A

Difficulties defining what is criminal

Only a fraction of crimes are known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why can response to global organised crime be low? (3)

A

Diversity of groups/activities
Border issues
Lack of global attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Castells (2000)

A

Organised crime groups as business networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Green crime

A

Also known as environmental crime- affects the environment in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Franko Aas (2007)

A

Local environmental harm is often the product of activities or events across the globe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Carrabine (2004)

A

Two types of green crime- primary green crime and secondary green crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Murray and Herrnstein

A

Linked low IQ to race

39
Q

Lea and Young

A

Ethnic minorities are ‘brutalised’ into crime

40
Q

Sewell

A

Lack of role models

41
Q

Nightingale

A

Studied black males in Philly- excluded due to racism and therefore turn to crime
‘paradox of inclusion’

42
Q

Anderson

A

‘colour coding’- police assumed that white people were middle class and trustworthy, whilst black people were lower class and criminal

43
Q

Phillips and Bowling

A

Argue that despite the Scarman Report, there is still institutional racism and overpolicing

44
Q

Canteen culture

A

Normalisation of racist attitudes within the police

45
Q

Bhilox

A

Policing is directed at the excluded in society

46
Q

Hall

A

‘mugging’ used in the media to be associated with black males
Racial tension and moral panics

47
Q

Interactionism on race and crime

A

Labelling, moral panics

48
Q

Racist incidents and racially/ religiously motivated offences over the last 5 years

A

Have decreased

49
Q

Bowling, Parmar and Phillips

A

Stereotypes of Asians have been altered- no longer seen as law abiding citizens with strong family values

50
Q

Abbass

A

Stereotype of the passive Asian has given way to a society of Islamophobia following 9/11
‘Radicalisation’

51
Q

‘Radicalisation’

A

Has led to harsher punishments for Asians by the police

52
Q

Issues with how the Home Office group ‘Asians’

A

Include all those from Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi background- have different social and cultural backgrounds

53
Q

Hood

A

Black males 5% more likely to be imprisoned

54
Q

Smith and Grey

A

‘police culture’- explicit and accepted racist attitudes within the police

55
Q

Holdaway

A

‘racial framing’

56
Q

Scraton

A

Police as an occupying force on the working class and ethnic minorities

57
Q

Pitts

A

Gang memberships have been normalised due to being at the bottom of society and the economic ladder

58
Q

Lea and Young

A

Ethnic minorities ‘brutalised’ into crime

59
Q

Waddington

A

High levels of ethnic minority arrests not necessarily due to racism- ‘availability of black males’

60
Q

Glynn

A

Racist stereotypes create defiance among black males- use crime to ‘get back’

61
Q

London 2010 __% of street crimes were committed by black males

A

54% (12% of population)

62
Q

Pollack

A

Women are ‘biologically deviant’- can conceal menstruation and fake orgasms

63
Q

Lombroso

A

Criminals are biological- women show natural passivity

Women who are born criminal show masculine traits

64
Q

Thomas

A

Women require more social approval and affection, which they get through domestic roles
Poor females lack socialisation and morality

65
Q

Sutherland

A

There are clear gender differences in socialisation

66
Q

Parsons

A

Girls have access to their role model more frequently- boys experience ‘status anxiety’

67
Q

Smart

A

Girls have stricter socialisation- ‘prisoners in their own home’

68
Q

Crime for men and women

A 
Men= role expressive
Women= role distorting
69
Q

Freda Adler

A

Change in expected female behaviour- laddish

70
Q

Chesney-Lind

A 
Poor women are more likely to be criminals than 'liberated' middle class women
Therefore criticises liberation theory
71
Q

James and Thornton

A

Women prisoners more likely to come from poverty

72
Q

Messerschmidt

A

Young males commit crime to show masculinity

73
Q

Mosher

A

‘hypermasculinity’- refers to the jobless/ unemployed

Learned through their fathers

74
Q

Winlow

A

Studied w/c males in Sunderland- found that unemployment made them more violent

75
Q

Speed and Burrows

A

Shoplifting cases= men 2x as likely to recieve a sentence than women

76
Q

Carlen

A

In court, a woman’s role as a mother is considered more than a male’s role as a father

77
Q

Hedderman and Gunby

A

Interviewed judges and magistrates- found that there was an awareness surrounding the complex issues of female offending- domestic abuse, single parenthood

78
Q

Klein

A

Chivalry thesis is classist and racist

79
Q

Heidensohn

A

Chivalry thesis only applies to women who conform to maternal behaviour- those who don’t are treated more severely by court

80
Q

Evil woman theory

A

Myra Hindley went against the stereotype of how women should act- media portrayed her as a monster

81
Q

Jean Ritchie

A

Suggested that if Hindley had acted remorseful then she would have been treated less harshly by the CJS and the media

82
Q

Crown Prosecution Service more likely to drop cases with black suspects- suggests inadequate evidence

A

Bowling and Phillips

83
Q

Poor suffer more from crime- no insurane

A

Kinsey

84
Q

20% of women had been sexually assaulted and not reported it

A

Hanmer and Saunders

85
Q

Women stay in abusive relationships due to children, money and blame

A

Walklate

86
Q

Local environmental harm is often the product of activities or events across the globe

A

Franko Aas

87
Q

Ethnic minorities ‘brutalised’ into crime

A

Lea and Young

88
Q

Primary and secondary green crime

A

Carrabine

89
Q

Stereotypes of Asians have changed- no longer seen as law abiding citizens

A

Bowling, Parmar and Phillips

90
Q

Stereotype of the passive Asian has disappeared

A

Abbass

91
Q

Black males are 5% more likely to be imprisoned

A
92
Q

‘Police culture’

A

Smith and Grey

93
Q

Gang memberships normalised at the bottom of society

A

Pitts

S3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions