B: PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN CRIME Flashcards
Social class and crime
Crime is higher in the lower classes (Sutherland)
Who identified that crime was higher in lower classes?
Sutherland
What did the 2002 Social Exclusion Unit find?
Many prisoners have a history of social exclusion eg grown up in care, poverty
What percentage of the prison population were unemployed before imprisonment?
67% (comp. to 5% general population)
What percentage of prison population were homeless before imprisonment?
32% (comp. to 0.9%)
What did Williams find?
Prisoners also frequently found to have run away from home, experienced violence or drug misuse etc
_______ and ________ levels of prison population significantly lower than those of the general population
Literacy and numeracy levels
What percentage of crime is committed by men?
80%
Which offenders were more likely to be on benefits? And what does this suggest?
Females- suggests that deprivation has more of an impact on women and crime rates than men
Chivalry thesis
Women get treated more leniently at court
Which age group commits the most crime?
Young people
Which age group is more likely to receive caution over conviction for their first offence?
Juvenile offenders
McVie
The relationship between age and offending is not clear cut as data is grouped into big bands
Soothill
Found peak age for some crimes differs from other crimes eg burglary and drug offences
How many times more are black people stopped and searched than white people (2009-10)?
7 times
What did Bowling and Phillips find about the Crown Prosecution Service?
More likely to drop cases with black suspects which indicates that the police charge black people more frequently based on inadequate evidence
Social class and crime
Young households, lone parents and the unemployed are 2x as likely to be burgled
Unemployed 2x as likely to be victims of violence
What did Kinsey find about the effect of crime on poor?
Suffer more- no insurance
Age and crime
Older people are more likely to fear crime, but younger people are more likely to be victims
Which age group has a lower crime rate but are more likely, when assaulted, to lose time off work?
Over 45’s
What % of children 10-12 had been victims of crime (CSEW 2014)?
12%
Which ethnic groups were found to be more at risk of personal crime (CSEW 2012-13)?
Mixed, black and Asian
Black people are _ times more likely to be murdered
5 times
Women are _ times as likely than men to have reported being a victim of non-partner sexual abuse
2 times
Males account for _ out of 10 homicide victims
7 out of 10
Over __% of female homicide victims since 2003 were killed by a husband or partner
50%
On average, _ women are killed each week by a husband or partner
2
Hanmer and Saunders
Found that 20% of women had been sexually assaulted and not reported it
Stanko
Found that over one 24 hr period, an incident of domestic violence was reported every second, yet few led to arrest
Walklate (2006)
Why women stay in abusive relationships
1) Children
2) Money
3) Blame
Global organised crime
Goes beyond national borders and police forces
Why is it difficult to provide accurate estimates relating to global organised crime? (2)
Difficulties defining what is criminal
Only a fraction of crimes are known
Why can response to global organised crime be low? (3)
Diversity of groups/activities
Border issues
Lack of global attention
Castells (2000)
Organised crime groups as business networks
Green crime
Also known as environmental crime- affects the environment in some way
Franko Aas (2007)
Local environmental harm is often the product of activities or events across the globe
Carrabine (2004)
Two types of green crime- primary green crime and secondary green crime
Murray and Herrnstein
Linked low IQ to race
Lea and Young
Ethnic minorities are ‘brutalised’ into crime
Sewell
Lack of role models
Nightingale
Studied black males in Philly- excluded due to racism and therefore turn to crime
‘paradox of inclusion’
Anderson
‘colour coding’- police assumed that white people were middle class and trustworthy, whilst black people were lower class and criminal
Phillips and Bowling
Argue that despite the Scarman Report, there is still institutional racism and overpolicing
Canteen culture
Normalisation of racist attitudes within the police
Bhilox
Policing is directed at the excluded in society
Hall
‘mugging’ used in the media to be associated with black males
Racial tension and moral panics
Interactionism on race and crime
Labelling, moral panics
Racist incidents and racially/ religiously motivated offences over the last 5 years
Have decreased
Bowling, Parmar and Phillips
Stereotypes of Asians have been altered- no longer seen as law abiding citizens with strong family values
Abbass
Stereotype of the passive Asian has given way to a society of Islamophobia following 9/11
‘Radicalisation’
‘Radicalisation’
Has led to harsher punishments for Asians by the police
Issues with how the Home Office group ‘Asians’
Include all those from Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi background- have different social and cultural backgrounds
Hood
Black males 5% more likely to be imprisoned
Smith and Grey
‘police culture’- explicit and accepted racist attitudes within the police
Holdaway
‘racial framing’
Scraton
Police as an occupying force on the working class and ethnic minorities
Pitts
Gang memberships have been normalised due to being at the bottom of society and the economic ladder
Lea and Young
Ethnic minorities ‘brutalised’ into crime
Waddington
High levels of ethnic minority arrests not necessarily due to racism- ‘availability of black males’
Glynn
Racist stereotypes create defiance among black males- use crime to ‘get back’
London 2010 __% of street crimes were committed by black males
54% (12% of population)
Pollack
Women are ‘biologically deviant’- can conceal menstruation and fake orgasms
Lombroso
Criminals are biological- women show natural passivity
Women who are born criminal show masculine traits
Thomas
Women require more social approval and affection, which they get through domestic roles
Poor females lack socialisation and morality
Sutherland
There are clear gender differences in socialisation
Parsons
Girls have access to their role model more frequently- boys experience ‘status anxiety’
Smart
Girls have stricter socialisation- ‘prisoners in their own home’
Crime for men and women
Men= role expressive Women= role distorting
Freda Adler
Change in expected female behaviour- laddish
Chesney-Lind
Poor women are more likely to be criminals than 'liberated' middle class women Therefore criticises liberation theory
James and Thornton
Women prisoners more likely to come from poverty
Messerschmidt
Young males commit crime to show masculinity
Mosher
‘hypermasculinity’- refers to the jobless/ unemployed
Learned through their fathers
Winlow
Studied w/c males in Sunderland- found that unemployment made them more violent
Speed and Burrows
Shoplifting cases= men 2x as likely to recieve a sentence than women
Carlen
In court, a woman’s role as a mother is considered more than a male’s role as a father
Hedderman and Gunby
Interviewed judges and magistrates- found that there was an awareness surrounding the complex issues of female offending- domestic abuse, single parenthood
Klein
Chivalry thesis is classist and racist
Heidensohn
Chivalry thesis only applies to women who conform to maternal behaviour- those who don’t are treated more severely by court
Evil woman theory
Myra Hindley went against the stereotype of how women should act- media portrayed her as a monster
Jean Ritchie
Suggested that if Hindley had acted remorseful then she would have been treated less harshly by the CJS and the media
Crown Prosecution Service more likely to drop cases with black suspects- suggests inadequate evidence
Bowling and Phillips
Poor suffer more from crime- no insurane
Kinsey
20% of women had been sexually assaulted and not reported it
Hanmer and Saunders
Women stay in abusive relationships due to children, money and blame
Walklate
Local environmental harm is often the product of activities or events across the globe
Franko Aas
Ethnic minorities ‘brutalised’ into crime
Lea and Young
Primary and secondary green crime
Carrabine
Stereotypes of Asians have changed- no longer seen as law abiding citizens
Bowling, Parmar and Phillips
Stereotype of the passive Asian has disappeared
Abbass
Black males are 5% more likely to be imprisoned
‘Police culture’
Smith and Grey
Gang memberships normalised at the bottom of society
Pitts
