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S3 > B: EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME > Flashcards

B: EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME Flashcards

1
Q

Durkheim

A

Saw crime as a healthy part of society

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2
Q

‘Boundary maintenance’

A

Testing the boundaries of what is right and wrong

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3
Q

‘society of saints’

A

If we didn’t have any crime

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4
Q

‘public temper’

A

Functionalist- promote social solidarity

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5
Q

‘Collective conscience’

A

Func- set of norms and values society holds

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6
Q

Role of public condemnation

A

Now taken by radio, TV and Twitter

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7
Q

Durkheim- anomie

A

A small amount of crime and deviance can prevent anomie as long as its punished

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8
Q

Who talks about safety valve?

A

Davis

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9
Q

Deviancy as a safety valve

A

‘let off steam’ to prevent worse deviance, eg prostitution

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10
Q

Cohen

A

‘status frustration’

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11
Q

Cloward and Ohlin

A

‘blocked opportunities’

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12
Q

Miller

A

‘focal concerns’

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13
Q

Ferrell (1999)

A

Crime is not rational decision making, but a result of humiliation, excitement and fear

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14
Q

Five modes of adaption

A 
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
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15
Q

Albert Cohen (1955)

A

Says young deviance is non-utilitarian, but for short-term hedonism

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16
Q

Katz

A

Sociological explanations which focus on gender age etc fail to explain why people are drawn into crime

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17
Q

Young

A

Youth deviance is about rebellion and risk

Bulimic society, intensity of exclusion

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18
Q

Lyng

A

Edgework to refer to the exploring of boundaries
Can lead to intense emotions
Sense of control

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19
Q

Katz and Jackson-Jacobs

A

Social mobility leaves those at the bottom with a sense of failure- gangs enable them to achieve this status

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20
Q

Becker

A

Deviance is socially constructed- labelling creates master status which leads to self fulfilling prophecy

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21
Q

Plummer

A

‘deviant career’

Argues that the internalisation of the label can result in a deviant career

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22
Q

Malinowski

A

Study of Trobriand Islands- deviance is shaped by public reaction

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23
Q

Who spoke about public shaming shaping deviance ?

A

Malinowski

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24
Q

Lemert

A

Believes society’s reaction is more significant than the behaviour itself
Primary and secondary deviance

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25
Q

Who spoke about primary and secondary deviance ?

A

Lemert

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26
Q

Matza

A

Youths face pressure to pursue ‘subterranean values’ in spite of a moral obligation to the law
‘Techniques of neutralisation’

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27
Q

Who spoke about ‘techniques of neutralisation’?

A

Matza

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28
Q

Give an example of a technique of neutralisation

A 
Denial of responsibility 
Denial of injury
Denial of victim 
Condemnation of condemners
Appeal to higher loyalties
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29
Q

Young

A

Powerful groups saw alienated, drug taking youths as a threat- deviancy amplification which leads to self fulfilling prophecy

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30
Q

Cicourel

A

Justice is negotiated, based on manner, appearance etc

Crime rates fluctuate depending on media publicity and public concern

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31
Q

Capitalist ideology

A

Seen as a fact, brainwashing

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32
Q

Althusser

A

RSA and ISA used to maintain control

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33
Q

RSA

A

Repressive state control, eg police, courts

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34
Q

ISA

A

Ideological state control, eg socialisation. Divides us

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35
Q

Box

A

Avoidable killing- explains how crime is socially constructed

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36
Q

Bonger

A

Crime is caused by poverty and capitalism- creates competition which leads to materialism, violence and racism

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37
Q

Gordon

A

More attention focused on violent crimes than white collar crimes- 91% of people in the USA have committed a crime

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38
Q

What % of people in the USA have committed a crime (via Gordon)?

A

91%

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39
Q

Chambliss

A

Capitalism creates the desire to consume but also the inability to earn- leads to crime

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40
Q

Marx (2)

A

Crime keeps the proletariat off the streets

Employment in the CJS reduces unemployment

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41
Q

Who spoke about RSA and ISA?

A

Althusser

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42
Q

Who spoke about avoidable killings?

A

Box

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43
Q

Marxists argue crime is a…

A

rational response to capitalism

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44
Q

Criticisms of the Marxist view on crime

A

Overestimates WC crime
Japan-low crime rates
Ignores other factors
Laws protect all, eg murder

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45
Q

‘New Criminology’ Taylor, Walton and Young

A

Believes that deviance needs to be studied in relation to capitalism

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46
Q

Chambliss

A

Saints and Roughnecks study

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47
Q

Neo-Marxist sociologists

A

Chambliss, Gilroy, Hall

48
Q

‘Full social theory of deviance’

A

Power distribution must consider

  1. Circumstance
  2. Meaning
  3. Effect
49
Q

Gilroy

A

Ethnic minorities turn to crime to defend themselves

50
Q

Hall

A

‘Policing the crisis’- looked at social and economic conditions for explaining labelling and deviance

51
Q

‘mugging’

A

First used by British media in 1972. Associated with black males

52
Q

Control theory

A

Travis Hirschi- strong family ties and bonds prevent us from committing crime
Attachment, Commitment, involvement and beliefs

53
Q

Travis Hirschi

A

Control theory

54
Q

Murray and Herrnstein

A

Impact of cognitive ability or intelligence- link between low IQ and crime

55
Q

Right wing view on crime

A

Blame the individual, argue the answer is stricter controls

56
Q

Left wing view on crime

A

Argue that people are victims of their circumstance, blame the system rather than the individual

57
Q

Right realist sociologists

A

Wilson, Wilson and Kelly, Wilson and Herrnstein

58
Q

Wilson

A

Long term trends in crime can be accounted for by

  1. Young males are most likely to commit crime- aggressive and have short term prospects
  2. Changes in benefits- cost of crime
  3. Social and cultural changes

Largely uncontrollable

59
Q

Wilson and Kelling

A

‘broken windows’- community changes its behaviour in response to disorder
Development of ‘urban decay’

60
Q

Wilson and Herrnstein

A

Emphasise the role of biology- ‘criminal traits’ heightened if poor socialisation occurs
Nuclear family- best socialisation

61
Q

Left realist sociologists

A

Matthews and Young, Young

62
Q

Matthews and Young

A

The square of crime

63
Q

The square of crime (Matthews and Young)

A

CJS, offender, general public, victim

64
Q

Young

A

Relative deprivation, exclusion leads to breakdown- increase in crime- scapegoating

65
Q

Sociologists who argue for biological explanations for crime

A

Pollack, Lombroso, Thomas

66
Q

Pollack

A

Argues that women are more biologically deviant- can conceal menstruation and fake orgasms
‘chivalry’ in the CJS- more lenient treatment

67
Q

Lombroso (2)

A

Criminals are biological

Argues that women do commit less crime than men- they do not have the intellectual capacity to break the law

68
Q

Thomas

A

Women require more approval and affection than men

Poor women are not socialised properly- use their sexuality for emotional gain

69
Q

What do functionalists believe about gender and crime?

A

Sex role theory- boys and girls are clearly socialised differently

70
Q

Sutherland

A

Girls are supervised and more strictly socialised than boys

Female deviance can be explained by poor socialisation

71
Q

Parsons

A

Men take on the ‘instrumental’ role, whilst women take on the ‘expressive’ role
Girls have more access to their role model- can leave boys with ‘status anxiety’

72
Q

Smart

A

Girls have stricter socialisation which prevents them from committing less crime- ‘prisoners in their own home’

73
Q

For men, crime is ‘____ __________’, while for women is it ‘____ _________’

A

‘role expressive’ for men, ‘role distorting’ for women

74
Q

Carlen

A

Women who commit crime are usually those where the crime does not outweigh the benefits of women- they do not conform

75
Q

Feminist sociologists on gender and crime

A

Smart, Carlen

76
Q

Functionalist sociologists on gender and crime

A

Parsons, Sutherland

77
Q

Liberation theory

A

The idea that, as women become more liberated, they are out in the public sphere more

78
Q

Liberation sociologists

A

Freda Adler, Chesney-Lind, Gelsthorpe, James and Thornton

79
Q

Freda Adler

A

Rise in ‘laddish’ behaviour among women

80
Q

Chesney-Lind

A

Argues that poor women are more likely to be criminals than ‘liberated’ middle class women, therefore suggesting that crime is more down to economic or social situations than liberation

81
Q

James and Thornton

A

Found that women prisoners are more likely to come from poverty

82
Q

Gelsthorpe

A

The increase in women prisoners could be down to a shift in sentencing policy and a decline in ‘chivalry’

83
Q

Myra Hindley

A

Labelled ‘the most evil woman in Britain’ as she showed no remorse in her trial, going against stereotypes

84
Q

What did Jean Ritchie suggest?

A

If Hindley had played her part in the original trial, she may have been treated less harshly by the CJS and the media

85
Q

Chivalry thesis sociologists (3)

A

Speed and Burrows, Carlen, Hedderman and Gunby

86
Q

Speed and Burrows

A

Found that in shoplifting cases, male offenders are 2x as likely to receive a sentence than women (30% to 15%)

87
Q

Carlen

A

Argues that a female’s role as a mother is considered more than a male’s role as a father

88
Q

Hedderman and Gunby

A

Interviewed judges and magistrates and found that they were conscious of complex issues surrounding female offending, eg domestic abuse, and single parenthood

89
Q

Chesney-Lind

A

Female deviance tends to be sexualised

90
Q

Sociologists who challenge chivalry thesis (2)

A

Klein, Heidensohn

91
Q

Klein

A

Chivalry thesis is classist and racist- only applies to middle class white women

92
Q

Heidensohn

A

It is only applicable to women who conform to maternal behaviour, and those who do not are punished more severely

93
Q

Messerschmidt

A

Hegemonic masculinity- young males commit crime to show masculinity

94
Q

Mosher

A

‘hypermasculinity’ to refer to the jobless and unemployed- exposed to this at a young age with their fathers

95
Q

Mac an Ghaill

A

‘crisis in masculinity’ - decline in industrial jobs can lead to violence + crime

96
Q

Winlow

A

Studied working class males in Sunderland- found that unemployment made men more violent

97
Q

Box on white collar crime

A

The way society defines crime is focused on working class

98
Q

Tombs

A

Found that the scale of unlawful workplace deaths outweighed the number of recorded homocides- ignored

99
Q

Goldstraw-White

A

Found that those who were convicted of white collar crimes often do not see themselves as criminals (semi-structured interview)

100
Q

Friedrichs

A

Risk plays a large part in white collar crime- the gamble can be a part of the appeal

101
Q

Who says that risk plays a role in white collar crime?

A

Friedrichs

102
Q

Who found that convicted white collar criminals did not see themselves as criminals?

A

Goldstraw-White

103
Q

Chivalry thesis is only applicable to middle class white women

A

Heidensohn

104
Q

Chivalry thesis is classist and racist

A

Klein

105
Q

Judges and magistrates are aware of the complex issues surrounding female offending

A

Hedderman and Gunby

106
Q

A female’s role as a mother is considered more than a male’s role as a father

A

Carlen

107
Q

Male offenders 2x as likely to recieve a sentence for shoplifting

A

Speed and Burrows

108
Q

Female prisoners more likely to come from poverty

A

James and Thornton

109
Q

Poor women are more likely to become criminals than ‘liberated’ middle class women

A

Chesney-Lind

110
Q

Female deviance can be explained by poor socialisation

A

Sutherland

111
Q

Women require more approval and affection

A

Thomas

112
Q

Women do commit less crime- they do not have the intellectual capacity to break the law

A

Lombroso

113
Q

Criminal traits are heightened if poor socialisation occurs

A

Wilson and Herrnstein

114
Q

‘Broken windows’

A

Wilson and Kelling

115
Q

Ethnic minorities turn to crime to defend themselves

A

Gilroy

116
Q

Crime is caused by poverty and capitalism

A

Bonger

117
Q

Powerful groups saw alienated groups as a threat- deviancy amp to self fulfilling prophecy

A

Young

S3 (8 decks)

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