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Laboratory Management > B - Lesson 5 Controlling > Flashcards

B - Lesson 5 Controlling Flashcards

1
Q

is a process of monitoring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

A

Controlling

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2
Q

It sees to it that the right things happen, in the right ways, and at the right time

A

Controlling

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3
Q

It helps policies maintain compliance with essential organizational rules and

A

Controlling

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4
Q

The Control Process

A

Establish objectives and standards.
Measure actual performance.
Compare results with objectives and standards.
Take necessary action.

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5
Q

Types of Control

A

Input stage
Conversion stage
Output stage

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6
Q

Used to anticipate problems before they arise so that problems do not occur later during the conversion process

A

Feedforward Controls

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7
Q

Giving stringent product specifications to suppliers in advance

A

Feedforward Controls

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8
Q

IT can be used to keep in contact with suppliers and to monitor their progress

A

Feedforward Controls

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9
Q

Give managers immediate feedback on how efficiently inputs are being transformed into outputs

A

Concurrent Controls

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10
Q

Allows managers to correct problems as they arise

A

Concurrent Controls

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11
Q

Used to provide information at the output stage about customers’ reactions to goods and services so that corrective action can be taken if necessary

A

Feedback Controls

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12
Q

Steps in controlling

Control Process Steps

A
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13
Q

The Control Process
1. Establish standards of performance, goals, or targets against which performance is to be evaluated.
2. Measure actual performance
3. Compare actual performance against chosen standards of performance
4. Evaluate result and initiate corrective action if the standard is not being achieved

A
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14
Q

Managers at each organizational level need to set their own standards.

A
  1. Establish standards of performance, goals, or targets against which performance is to be evaluated.
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15
Q

Managers can measure outputs resulting from worker behavior or they can measure the behavior themselves.

A
  1. Measure actual performance
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16
Q

The more non-routine the task, the harder it is to measure behavior or outputs

A
  1. Measure actual performance
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17
Q

Managers evaluate whether – and to what extent – performance deviates from the standards of performance chosen in step 1

A
  1. Compare actual performance against chosen standards of performance
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18
Q

If managers decide that the level of performance is unacceptable, they must try to change the way work activities are performed to solve the problem

A
  1. Evaluate result and initiate corrective action if the standard is not being achieved
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19
Q

There are two types of standards:

A

• Output Standards
• Input Standards

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20
Q
  • measures performance results in terms of quantity, quality, cost, or time.
A

Output Standards

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21
Q
  • measures work efforts that go into a performance task.
A

Input Standards

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22
Q

Performance Measurement:

A

Theories of Incentives and Behavior

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23
Q

Measurement of performance

A
  1. Expectancy theory (from applied psychology)
  2. Agency theory (from financial economics)
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24
Q

(from applied psychology)

A
  1. Expectancy theory
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25
Q

(from financial economics)

A
  1. Agency theory
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26
Q

People are motivated to act in ways that they expect to provide them with desired rewards and to prevent the penalties they wish to avoid.

A
  1. Expectancy theory
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27
Q
  1. Expectancy theory

So incentive plans must:

A

 Provide the proper rewards and penalties
 Make it likely that the desired behaviors will lead to those rewards or penalties

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28
Q

 An employee contracts with an employer to perform certain work, and the employer wants to be sure that the work is duly and well performed.

A
  1. Agency theory
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29
Q
  1. Agency theory

So incentive plans must:

A

 Motivate the employee to work
 Align the employee’s goals with the employer’s

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30
Q

Uses of Performance Measurement

A

1) Monitoring
2) Decision Making
3) Attention Focus
4) Legitimization
5) Compensation
6) Translating and implementing strategy

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31
Q

– income is not guaranteed but dependent on performance

A

Compensation

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32
Q

Control mechanisms of laboratories

A

Licensing
Policy and procedural manual

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33
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORIES

A

➢ RA 4688 (Clin. Lab Act of 1966)
➢ AO No. 27 2. 2007- Revised Rules & Regulations Governing the Licensure & Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines

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34
Q

(Clin. Lab Act of 1966)

A

➢ RA 4688

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35
Q
  • Revised Rules & Regulations Governing the Licensure & Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines
A

➢ AO No. 27 2. 2007

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36
Q

I – GENERAL CLINICAL LABORATORY

A

A. According to OWNERSHIP
B. According to FUNCTION
B. According to Institutional Character
C. According to Service capability

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37
Q

A. According to OWNERSHIP

A
  1. Government
  2. Private
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38
Q

B. According to FUNCTION

A
  1. Clinical Pathology
  2. Anatomic Pathology
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39
Q

B. According to Institutional Character

A
  1. Institution-based
  2. Freestanding
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40
Q

C. According to Service capability

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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41
Q

: operated partially or wholly by the nationa l,local

A
  1. Government
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42
Q

: by an individual, corp, association or org.

A
  1. Private
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43
Q

: clinical sections + Therapeutic Drug Monitoring other similar disciplines

A
  1. Clinical Pathology
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44
Q

: Cytology, Surgical Biopsy, Autopsy, Forensic & Molecular Patho, Immunohistopath

A
  1. Anatomic Pathology
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45
Q

: Routine Hema (CBC); Quali Plt ct; RF; RU + Bld typing (hospital based)

A
  1. Primary
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46
Q

: all of the above + Routine CC, Quanti Plt ct. + Xmatching; Gram Stain; KOH (hospital based)

A
  1. Secondary
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47
Q

: FBS, BUN, BUA, Crea, T. Chole

A

Routine CC

48
Q

: (+) Sp. CC; Sp. Hema (w/ coagl’n); Immunology/Serology; microbiology- culture & sensi.

A
  1. Tertiary
49
Q

(non-hospital based)

A

aerobic OR anaerobic

50
Q

(hospital based)

A

aerobic AND anaerobic

51
Q

NB: A licensed Clin. Lab. Shall be permitted to offer lab. services other than the respective other than the respective stipulated minimum services, provided that, (A) they comply with the requirements (Staff, Equipment, Reagents & Supplies) for such additional services, and (B) that such additional services are listed under its LTO.

A
52
Q

II. WORKFLOW and LABORATORY DESIGN
➢ The planning and designing of the physical and structural relationship of work and the workplace
➢ Physical Facilities & work environment CL shall conform to the required space and construction, renovation
➢ Where the lab is located
➢ How it receives and processes its specimens
➢ Spatial relationship of each section
➢ Physical layout and arrangement of work areas and instruments

A
53
Q

COMPONENTS of the Physical and Structural workflow and Design

A
  1. Interface with customers, patients, and other users
  2. Internal processes- how the work is done within the lab itself
54
Q

Interface with Customers, Patients and Users

Laboratory Interaction:

A

➢ The intake or requisition of specimens and requests for services
➢ The return of information and results

55
Q

Internal Work Processes of the Laboratory

A
  1. Flexibility and Modulation
  2. Functional and Spatial Design = (OPTIMAL PRODUCTIVITY)
  3. Functional and Spatial Design
  4. Space allocation- enough for all the activities
56
Q
  • allows the laboratory to readily adapt to changing space needs
A

➢ Flexibility (in design)

57
Q

– enables the laboratory to achieve flexibility

A

➢ Modulation (in the structural component)

58
Q

➢ Floor space, cabinets, electricity, plumbing, ventilation, movability of walls

A

Flexibility and Modulation

59
Q

➢ The space should enhance the work being performed and adapt to the needs of the people

A

Functional and Spatial Design

60
Q

➢ Traffic generated by laboratory activities

A

Functional and Spatial Design

61
Q

➢ Ergonomic planning of workstations and cabinetry

A

Space allocation

62
Q

➢ Placement of utilities- plumbing ventilation, computers

A

Space allocation

63
Q

➢ Traffic flow (personnel, equipment and patients)

A

Space allocation

64
Q

➢ Storage areas – sufficiency and convenience

A

Space allocation

65
Q

➢ Safety equipment and Design – ventillation, showers, egress, containment and disposal of hazardous wastes, changing area

A

Space allocation

66
Q

➢ Staff facilities – lavatories, locker rooms, eating areas

A

Space allocation

67
Q

Equipment Requirement

A

(AO 27 s. 2007)

68
Q

➢ There shall be available and operational equipment to provide the laboratory examinations that the laboratory is licensed for

A
69
Q

➢ There shall be a calibration, preventive maintenance and repair program for the equipment

A
70
Q

➢ There shall be a contingency plan in case of equipment breakdown

A
71
Q

Primary Laboratory

A

✓ Burner ✓ Centrifuge ✓ Hemocytometer ✓ Hemoglobinometer ✓ Hematocrit centrifuge ✓ Microscope W/ OIO ✓ Urinometer ✓ Differential Counter

72
Q

Secondary Laboratory

A

✓ All in primary laboratory ✓ Refrigerator ✓ Serofuge ✓ Photometer ✓ Water bath ✓ Timer

73
Q

Tertiary Laboratory

A

✓ All in 1O & 2O lab. ✓ Blood counter ✓ Incubator ✓ Biosafety cabinet ✓ Balance ✓ Rotator ✓ Autoclave ✓ Drying oven ✓ Microtome ✓ Paraffin oven ✓ Flotation bath

74
Q

➢ Systematic process of overseeing & controlling the acquisition & utilization of supplies to ensure both availability and cost-effectiveness.

A

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

75
Q

➢ Supplies arrive in a timely manner

A

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

76
Q

➢ Spoilage is reduced to a minimum

A

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

77
Q

➢ Back orders and delays are avoided

A

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

78
Q

➢ Storage is used to the best advantage

A

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

79
Q

➢ Economical & Advantageous price may be availed

A

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

80
Q

– a commitment by the laboratory to purchase a product

A

Purchase order

81
Q

– a contract in which the vendor agree to deliver goods at a predetermined price and on an established schedule

A

Standing order

82
Q

✓ Timely delivery
✓ Bulk discount

A

PURCHASING

83
Q

➢ Review supplies used and to develop a standard for selection

A

PRODUCT STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE

84
Q

➢ To ensure that the best product is obtained & to avoid expensive duplication of products.

A

PRODUCT STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE

85
Q

➢ Continued process of checking stock levels

A

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

86
Q

➢ Use of inventory system & stock record cards

A

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

87
Q

➢ Computerized inventory

A

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

88
Q

Computerized inventory

A

✓ Perpetual System ✓ Periodic System ✓ Random check

89
Q

: set a minimum for re-order and a maximum to be maintained

A

✓ Max-Min

90
Q
  • commitment by the supplier to guarantee delivery of an item at the exact moment of need
A

✓ Just in time (Japanese model)

91
Q

STOCK REPLENISHMENT

A

✓ Max-Min
✓ Just in time (Japanese model)

92
Q

Factors Affecting limits

A
  1. Delivery time for each item
  2. Available storage space
  3. Shelf life of the item
  4. Anticipated rate of usage
93
Q

Anticipated rate of usage

A

✓ Annual usage
✓ Average daily usage

94
Q

➢ The clinical laboratory shall have written policies and procedures for the provision of laboratory services and for the operation and maintenance of the laboratory.

A

SPECIAL CLINICAL LABORATORY LABORATORY OPERATIONS

95
Q

➢ There shall be documented technical procedures for services in each section of the laboratory, which will ensure the quality of laboratory results.

A

SPECIAL CLINICAL LABORATORY LABORATORY OPERATIONS

96
Q

: A statement or memo that outlines the institution’s position on an administrative or operational issue

A

Policy

97
Q

: A manual that contains policies that apply to the general and overall operations of the laboratory

A

Policy Manuals

98
Q

: an instructional document that provides explanations and step-by- step directions on how to perform a task, test or process.

A

Procedure

99
Q

: A manual containing procedures that apply to specific work tasks and duties

A

Procedure Manuals

100
Q

✓ Effective communication among all laboratory personnel

A

Procedure Manuals

101
Q

✓ Remove any ambiguities

A

Procedure Manuals

102
Q

✓ Allow uniform and consistent application of all laboratory policies and procedures

A

Procedure Manuals

103
Q

: detailed instruction for patients and for the staff.

A

Specimen Collection Manuals

104
Q

: designed for users of the laboratory, covers policies & procedures concerning operational factors.

A

Laboratory Service Manuals

105
Q

: contains step-by-step instructions for operating instruments and performing individual tests.

A

Technical Manuals

106
Q

: Handling dangerous substances & biological samples

A

Safety Manual

107
Q

: ensure quality laboratory services

A

Quality Management Manual

108
Q

consists of verifying whether everything occurs in confirmities with the plans adopted, instructions issued and principles established.

A

Controlling

109
Q

ensures that there is effective and efficient utilization of organizational resources so as to achieve the planned goals.

A

Controlling

110
Q

measures the deviation of actual performance from the standard performance, discovers the causes of such deviations and helps in taking corrective actions

A

Controlling

111
Q

Following are the characteristics of controlling function of management-

A
112
Q
  • A function which comes once the performances are made in confirmities with plans.
A
  1. Controlling is an end function
113
Q
  • which means it is performed by managers at all levels and in all type of concerns.
A
  1. Controlling is a pervasive function
114
Q
  • because effective control is not possible without past being controlled. Controlling always look to future so that follow-up can be made whenever required.
A
  1. Controlling is forward looking
115
Q
  • since controlling requires taking reviewal methods, changes have to be made wherever possible.
A
  1. Controlling is a dynamic process
116
Q
  • Planning and Controlling are two inseperable functions of management. Without planning, controlling is a meaningless exercise and without controlling, planning is useless. Planning presupposes controlling and controlling succeeds planning.
A
  1. Controlling is related with planning

Laboratory Management (13 decks)

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